One hundred and sixty-one consecutive patients with primary acute pancreatitis were admitted to a doubleblind trial of intravenous Trasylol therapy as a supplement to a standard regimen of conservative management. The patients were subdivided into younger (less than 60 years) and older patients (aged 60 years and over), and subjects in each group were randomly allocated on a double-blind basis either to Trasylol therapy (starter 500 000 KIU and thereafter 200 000 q.i.d. for 5 days) or to placebo. There were 14 deaths (8.7per cent), 7 in the Trasylol and 7 in the placebo group, and no significant difference was found in either the mortality or the major complications rate, eifher overall or within either age group.All I4 patients who died met the objective criteria for severe acute pancreatitis determined by the presence of at least three of a possible nine factors during the first 48 h of admission. Severe acute pancreatitis was present in 37 per cent of patients, who were evenly distributed between the Trasylol and placebo groups. Neither in those patients with severe nor those with less severe acute pancreatitis was there any sign%cant difference between the two therapeutic regimens. Supplementary intravenous Trasylol therapy at this dosage confers no advantage over standard conservative treatment in the management of patients with primary acute pancreatitis.

No abstract

Cold injury is a key environmental challenge in many grape-producing regions, especially those at high latitudes. Although grapevines acclimate to cold temperatures in fall and deacclimate when warm temperatures return in spring, cold hardiness varies with species, cultivar, phenology, ambient weather, photoperiod, and plant organ, which hampers implementation of effective mitigation practices. Using long-term data sets of lethal temperatures and spring phenology for primary buds of Vitis vinifera and Vitis labruscana, we parameterized and evaluated a discrete-dynamic model that simulates cold hardiness from early fall through budbreak of 23 genotypes. The model uses mean daily temperature as the sole input variable to drive daily changes in hardiness. Genotype-specific parameters, such as initial and maximum hardiness, temperature thresholds, acclimation and deacclimation rates, and chilling and heating requirements, were optimized through an iterative process. The model predicted cold hardiness with 0.89 ≤ r 2 ≤ 0.99, depending on genotype. Because it simulates hardiness at budbreak, the model can also be used to predict the time of budbreak. Optimized model parameters revealed a north/inland-south/coastal gradient for genotype origin in terms of initial and maximum cold hardiness, and time of budbreak. Budbreak occurred earlier in hardier genotypes, consistent with more rapid deacclimation of genotypes originating from colder climates, paradoxically making these genotypes more vulnerable to spring frost in warmer environments. The current model of grapevine bud cold hardiness has uses in both climate modeling and risk assessment.

A robust model of grapevine bud cold hardiness was developed that will aid in the anticipation of and response to potential injury from fluctuations in winter temperature and from extreme cold events. The model parameters that produce the best fit also permit insight into dynamic differences in hardiness among genotypes.