In September and October 1978, after a case of cholera had been discovered in southwestern Louisiana, 10 more Vibrio cholerae O-Group 1 infections were detected in four additional clusters. All 11 infected persons had recently eaten cooked crabs from five widely separated sites in the coastal marsh, and a matched-triplet case-control study showed a significant relation between cholera and eating such crabs (P = 0.007). V. cholerae O1 was isolated from estuarine water, from fresh shrimp, from a leftover cooked crab from a patient's refrigerator, and from sewage in six towns, including three without identified cases. All isolates in Louisiana and an isolate from a single unexplained case in Texas in 1973 were biotype El Tor and serotype inaba; they were hemolytic and of a phage type unique to the United States--suggesting that the organism persisted undetected along the Gulf Coast for at least five years.
Since October 1992, > 150,000 cases of cholera have been reported from India and Bangladesh; the great majority of Vibrio cholerae isolates belong to the newly established serogroup O139. To better understand the interaction of genetic and epidemiologic factors responsible for their sudden appearance and rapid spread, representative toxigenic V. cholerae O139 isolates were molecularly characterized and compared with a set of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 and non-O1/non-O139 strains. DNA sequences of the cholera toxin B subunit gene and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis markers of V. cholerae O139 strains were identical to those of V. cholerae O1 isolates of the seventh pandemic. Two distinct ribotypes and four pulsed-field gel electrophoretic patterns were observed for O139 strains. V. cholerae O139 strains were very similar to V. cholerae O1 strains of the seventh pandemic but clearly different from the toxigenic V. cholerae strains of serogroups other than O1 and O139.
Siumtmt77ary. The kinetics of development of proteini-synthesizing capacitv in the imbibing wheat embryo, were sttudied both in vivo and in vitro. During the first 30 minutes of imbibition protein-synthesizing capacity rises rapidly, lagging about 10 minutes behind water uptake. This rise in synthesizing capacity is accompanied by an increase in polysome content. As imbibition continues, both protein-synthesizing capacity and polysome content increase. With embr,-os from aged seed, the rate of protein synthesis is initially limited by another, presuimably nonribosomal, reaction.An earlier report (4) concltuded that seed germination is accompanied by an increased capacity for protein synthesis. This conclusion was based primarily on the observation that ribosomes isolated from dry (unimbibed)
Material and MethodsIn zizo Incorporation. Assay 1. Wheat embryo samples (200 mg) were imbibed for the desired times and then transferred to a test tube where they were incubated in 2.5 ,umoles potassium phosphate (pH 6.0), 40 jig chloramphenicol, 5.1 m,umoles L-leulcine-'4C (0.25 jucuiries) and water to 0.53 ml.The volume of incubation medium was such that the embryos were submerged. After incubation, 200 nmoles of L-leucine-_2C were added; free radioactivity was removed by washing with water, and the embryos were grauun(d to a homogeneous sUi'-pension in 5 % trichloroacetic acid containing 200 ,umoles L-leuicine-_2C. An appropriate aliquot of the stuspension was centrifuged; an aliquot of the supernatant was counted in Bray's solution (1) (trichloroacetic acid soluble). Another aliqulot of the suspension was centrifuged, resuspended in 5 % trichloroacetic acid, and heated for 15 minuites at 90°. After cooling for 10 minutes in ice, the precipitate was collected on a membrane filter, washed with 5 % trichloroacetic acid and counted in toluene-PPO-POPOP (trichloroacetic acid insoluble).
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