Eutectic mixtures of zinc chloride and donor molecules such as urea and acetamide are described and it is proposed that these constitute a new class of ionic liquids. FAB-MS analysis shows that the liquids are made up of metal-containing anions and cations in which the donor is coordinated to the cation. Data on the viscosity, conductivity, density, phase behaviour and surface tension are presented and these are shown to be significantly different to other related ionic liquids that incorporate quaternary ammonium salts. The conductivity and viscosity are comparable with other ionic liquids and the data fit well to the Hole theory model recently proposed.
This paper describes fabrication of a novel electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunosensor array featuring capture-antibody-decorated single-wall carbon nanotube forests (SWCNT) residing in the bottoms of 10 µL wells with hydrophobic polymer walls. Silica nanoparticles containing [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and secondary antibodies (RuBPY-silica-Ab2) are employed in this system for highly sensitive two-analyte detection. Antibodies to PSA and IL-6 were attached to the same RuBPY-silica-Ab2 particle. The array was fabricated by forming the wells on a conductive pyrolytic graphite chip (1 × 1 in.) with a single connection to a potentiostat to achieve ECL. The sandwich immunoassay protocol employs antibodies attached to SWCNTs in the wells to capture analyte proteins. Then RuBPY-silica-Ab2 is added to bind to the captured proteins. ECL is initiated in the microwells by electrochemical oxidation of tripropyl amine (TprA), which catalytically reduces [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in the 100 nm particles, and is measured with a coupled charged device (CCD) camera. Separation of the analytical spots by the hydrophobic wall barriers enabled simultaneous immunoassays for two proteins in a single sample without cross-contamination. Detection limit (DL) for prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 1 pg mL−1 and for interleukin-6 (IL-6) was 0.25 pg mL−1 (IL-6) in serum. Array determinations of PSA and IL-6 in patient serum were well-correlated with single-protein ELISAs. These microwell SWCNT immunoarrays provide a simple, sensitive approach to detection of two or more proteins.
The electrodeposition of zinc has been studied in two deep eutectic solvents. Unlike the metals studied to date in these liquids, zinc electrodeposition is not mass transport limited and the morphology of the deposit differs in the two liquids. This study shows that changing the concentration of solute affects the physical properties of the liquid to different extents although this is found to not effect the morphology of the metal deposited. EXAFS was used to show that the speciation of zinc was the same in both liquids. Double layer capacitance studies showed differences between the two liquids and these are proposed to be due to the adsorption of a species on the electrode which is thought to be chloride. The differences in zinc morphology is attributed to blocking of certain crystal faces leading to deposition of small platelet shaped crystals in the glycol based liquid.
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