The breeding population of Carnaby's Cockatoo at Coomallo Creek in the northern kwongan (sandheath) of southwestern Australia was monitored from 1969 to 1996. The cockatoos breed in hollows in trees in a belt of woodland through the centre of the study area and feed in adjacent kwongan. During the period, the study area was progressively and rapidly cleared for broad-scale cereal and sheep farming. The area of native vegetation cover was reduced from 90% in 1959 to 25% in 1996. The number of breeding attempts fell over the period of the study from around 80 attempts in the early part of the study to less than 40 by 1996. The initial decline was due to a combination of loss of habitat and increased mortality of the birds due to the use of wing tags to mark them individually. The subsequent decline was most likely due to loss of habitat. The importance of the northern kwongan and associated woodland patches to the conservation of animals like Carnaby's Cockatoo that breed in tree hollows is discussed. Unless areas of woodland on private land and adjacent kwongan are afforded more protection, the future for hollow nesting species that feed on native vegetation like Carnaby's Cockatoo is bleak.
Model building in Christian psychology has gradually become increasingly outdated and unsophisticated over the past decade, particularly in light of postmodern challenges to the limitations of received modern scientific perspectives and social practices. The present article draws from Rychlak's (1993) “complementarity” model, Sperry's (1993) “bidirectional determinism” concept, and Engel's (1977) biopsychosocial formulation to develop a multiperspectival, holistic framework drawing on the strengths of both modern and postmodern approaches. The proposed model includes inferences from both top down and bottom up formulations, as well as potential for interactions between or among any of the various “groundings” for psychological theories. Such a model seems more faithful to both biblical and scientific perspectives, and thus may provide a more accurate and comprehensive view of persons to facilitate more effective research and treatment. A clinical example is provided with DSM-IV descriptive and criterion referents.
A preliminary model is presented describing applications of the filling of the Holy Spirit to psychological aspects of Christian living. Anthropological deficits in secular psychology and evangelical systems are described. Related topics include expectancy, defense mechanisms, self-image, and cognitive appraisal. The concept of “biblical humanism” is applied to new creations in Christ as a function of the ongoing filling of the Holy Spirit. Although many Christian clients have considerable spiritual resources, their ability to organize and access them effectively can be seriously impaired unless they are able to apply the integrative, dynamic resource of the Holy Spirit actively to their life development and stress challenges on a continuous basis. Truly Christian counseling must ultimately include addressing the activities of the Holy Spirit in Christian living at some level.
The Holy Spirit Questionnaire (HSQ) is an exploratory instrument developed by Ingram and Sandvik (1994) to measure differences in perceptions regarding personal knowledge about filling of the Holy Spirit among Christians. Past examination of the HSQ asserts that the instrument is a reliable measure that examines knowledge about the Holy Spirit (Hurst, 1995). This study included 133 respondents to the HSQ and correlated their responses to results from the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) (Ellison & Paloutzian, 1982) and the Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI) (Hall & Edwards, 1996). Analyses demonstrated significant correlations between the HSQ and the SWBS and SAI, indicating that certain areas of religious and existential well-being and spiritual maturity are significantly related to knowledge of the Holy Spirit.
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