LoRaWAN is currently the best among the LPWANs protocols when it comes to IoT or machine-to-machine (M2M) communication such as in the deployment of wireless sensor networks. LoRaWAN is an RF technology operating in ISM bands. Its strength comes from the capability of Long-range communication between remote sensors and the gateways, deep indoor penetration, and public and private network deployment. All these traits are possible because of the LoRa network modulation technique. This paper provides an overview of the LoRaWAN protocol and the 5G cellular network. Also, the paper gives the benefits of using LoRaWAN over the other technologies for the deployment of the IoT module communication links.
Iris pattern is the most stable biometric trait for personal identification. It is the only traits that can’t be used after a person death. Despite its stability and difficulty to spoof, it has found that presenting a high quality image of an iris one can spoof and gain an access. Furthermore, the use of video frames of an authorized personnel and the use of 3D models can cheat the system. This study aimed at presenting a solution to this problem by testing the liveness of an eye being scanned by an access control device. The algorithm works by additional process of detecting an eyeblink and background subtraction and correlation to assume liveness. For one to gain access, first an iris is scanned and identified, secondly if this iris is in the database before providing an access, an eyeblink is also sensed. If eyeblink is sensed an access is granted otherwise access is denied. An algorithm has been developed in MATLAB adopting an adaptive Canny method for edge detection. The proposed algorithm validates the user being scanned by two stages which are; Eyeblink detection, background subtraction and correlation. Testing on standard datasets of ZJU Eyeblink, ACASIA v3 and the TalkingFace databases showed show 96.47% accuracy.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.