A battery of behavioral tasks in C57BL/6J mice was used to assess changes in affective components of behavior after systemic exposure to the anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) 17alpha-methyltestosterone (7.5 mg/kg). Gonadal weight in both sexes was reduced after 16 days of AAS exposure. Changes in discrete components of social behaviors were observed. No changes were recorded in the elevated plus-maze, the light-dark transition, and defensive behavior tests on exposure to 17alpha-methyltestosterone. When compared with controls, AAS-exposed females received a greater number of shocks, and AAS-exposed males displayed a shorter recovery time to consume water after a negative reinforcer in the modified Vogel conflict test. Results show that systemic exposure to a single AAS modified social behaviors, whereas minimal effects on anxiety-related behaviors were observed according to sex.