Compared to previous releases of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) which were primarily plants, gene drives represent a paradigm shift in the handling of GMOs: Current regulation of the release of GMOs assumes that for specific periods of time a certain amount of GMOs will be released in a particular region. However, now a type of genetic technology arises whose innermost principle lies in exceeding these limits—the transformation or even eradication of wild populations. The invasive character of gene drives demands a thorough analysis of their functionalities, reliability and potential impact. But such investigations are hindered by the fact that an experimental field test would hardly be reversible. Therefore, an appropriate prospective assessment is of utmost importance for an estimation of the risk potential associated with the application of gene drives. This work is meant to support the inevitable characterization of gene drives by a comparative approach of prospective technology assessment with a focus on potential sources of risk. Therein, the hazard and exposure potential as well as uncertainties with regard to the performance of synthetic gene drives are addressed. Moreover, a quantitative analysis of their invasiveness should enable a differentiated evaluation of their power to transform wild populations.
Intention and Scope of the Case Study Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus)SPAGE (Self-Propagating Artificial Genetic Element) technologies allow for a proliferation of genetic information on the population level at a higher rate than usual Mendelian inheritance. Currently projected developments of SPAGE mainly aim at a reduction or suppression of animal populations which are considered to be harmful or undesirable (Oye et al. 2014). However, the application of SPAGE is not limited to animals only. In principle, also plant populations can be targeted (National Academies of Sciences 2016). The GeneTip case study on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is intended to assess, which interactions play a role in a plant-specific context to address relevant ecological interactions that need to be fully explored in order to estimate potential risks. For such an assessment, oilseed rape is of particular interest though no application developments are known to be currently on the way. Apart from that, first experiments for instance increased shatter resistance to avoid seed loss during harvest are already in development (Braatz et al. 2017).Brassica napus exhibits relatively well studied environmental interaction types that are prototypic for many other plants, in particular addressing relations of cultivation and genetic exchange with feral and weedy species B. Breckling · W. Schröder
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