Addressing human impact on the environment by focusing on shared everyday practices, rather than just individual behavior is an approach that shows promise. However, it can be challenging to put this approach into concrete use, especially in teams unfamiliar with the practice orientation. To support the practice approach, we introduce the Contextual Wheel of Practice (COWOP), a framework that can: 1) help researchers and designers to better understand practices, 2) design effective interventions, and 3) facilitate collaboration between team members from different disciplines, who may not be familiar with the practice orientation. We describe how COWOP was developed, and our experiences using COWOP in three different cases. We then position COWOP as part of the "turn to practice" in HCI, and discuss how it can be useful to HCI researchers and be applied in domains beyond sustainability, such as healthcare and privacy.
We lack an understanding of human values, motivations and behavior in regards to new means for changing people's behavior towards more sustainable choices in their everyday life. Previous anthropological and sociological studies have identified these objects of study to be quite complex and to require new methods to be unfolded further. Especially behavior within the privacy of people's homes has proven challenging to uncover through the use of traditional qualitative and quantitative social scientific methods (e.g. interviews, participatory observations and questionnaires). Furthermore, many research experiments are attempting to motivate environmental improvements through feedback via, e.g., room displays, web pages or smart phones, based on (smart) metering of energy usage, or for saving energy by automatic control of, e.g., heating, lighting or appliances. However, existing evaluation methods are primarily unilateral by opting for either a quantitative or a qualitative method or for a simple combinationand therefore do not provide detailed insight into the potentials and impacts of such solutions. This paper therefore proposes a combined quantitative and qualitative collective sensing and anthropologic investigation methodology we term Computational Environmental Ethnography, which provides quantitative sensing data that document behavior while facilitating qualitative investigations to link the data to explanations and ideas for further sensing. We propose this methodology to include the establishment of base lines, comparative experimental feedback, traceable sensor data with respect for different privacy levels, visualization of sensor data, qualitative explanations of recurrent and exceptional patterns in sensor data, taking place as part of an innovative process and in an iterative interplay among complementing disciplines, potentially including also partners from industry. Experiences from using the methodology in a zero-emission home setting, as well as an ongoing case investigating transportation habits are discussed.
A763characteristics. Results: A total of 20,575 patients were included (63.9% male; mean age= 64.7 years); 20.7% received a PD-L1 test. Testing was most common in Germany (36.1%) and least common in Japan (1.92%). Tested patients were younger, had higher ECOG scores, and more likely to be male, a current smoker, treated by a hematologist/oncologist, and treated in a university/teaching hospital (all p< .05). Logistic regression results suggested the strongest predictors of testing were being in Germany (odds ratio [OR] = 4.28), stage at diagnosis (stages IIc [OR= 3.02] and III [OR= 4.08] were more likely to be tested than stage IV), and higher ECOG scores (score of 4 vs. 0: OR= 5.41; score of 3 vs. 0: OR= 2.92) (all p< .05). ConClusions: As immunooncology therapies, such as a PD-L1 inhibitors, become more common, biomarker testing will continue to play an important role in clinical practice. The results suggest significant variability across countries for PD-1L testing among NSCLC patients, with performance status and staging being more predictive of patient testing than physician setting or specialty.
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