The actin cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is a dynamic, fibrous network that is regulated by the concerted action of actin-binding proteins (ABPs). In particular, rapid polarization of cells in response to internal and external stimuli is fundamental to cell migration and invasion. Various isoforms of ABPs in different tissues equip cells with variable degrees of migratory and adhesive capacities. In addition, regulation of ABPs by posttranslational modifications (PTM) is pivotal to the rapid responsiveness of cells. In this context, phosphorylation of ABPs and its functional consequences have been studied extensively. However, the study of reduction/oxidation (redox) modifications of oxidation-sensitive cysteine and methionine residues of actin, ABPs, adhesion molecules, and signaling proteins regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics has only recently emerged as a field. The relevance of such protein oxidations to cellular physiology and pathophysiology has remained largely elusive. Importantly, studying protein oxidation spatiotemporally can provide novel insights into localized redox regulation of cellular functions. In this review, we focus on the redox regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, its challenges, and recently developed tools to study its physiological and pathophysiological consequences.
This article surveys the major developments in paremiology (the study of proverbs) in Anglo‐Saxon literature over the last fifteen years as well as the major research tools currently available for the study of medieval vernacular and Latin proverbs. Through this survey, I demonstrate that proverbs need to be read not only in light of the immediate context in which they appear, but also ‘in isolation.’ Studying the history and transmission of proverbs independent from their contextual uses can lead us to a more complete understanding of an individual author's interests, reading, education, and motivations for deplying a proverb. I begin by discussing the difficulties of defining precisely paremiological terminology. Then I give an overview of the most important achievements in proverb study more generally over the last century, with an emphasis on medieval paremiology. After reviewing the two most recent book‐length studies on Old English proverbial materials, I summarize individually most of the publications on Anglo‐Saxon proverbs that have appeared over the last fifteen years. A number of excellent print and digital resources, which I introduce to readers in this article, assist proverb scholars in their work. Finally, I suggest some future avenues for research with which Old English proverb study can significantly contribute to the larger field of Anglo‐Saxon studies.
This article presents a source history of lines 167-68 in the Old English wisdom poem Maxims I. A classical Latin sententia by Terence ("Quot homines, tot sententiae") has been identified as source or analogue for line 167 ("Swa monige beoþ men ofer eorþan, swa beoþ modgeþoncas"), but no detailed examination of the validity of this identification, of the Latin proverb's transmission, or of possible intermediate sources has been offered. This article first shows that the Old English analogue to the original proverb extends over two instead of only one line, paralleling a longer version of the Latin proverb than previously assumed. After an excursus on the status of Terentian material in Anglo-Saxon England, I suggest that, besides Terence as ultimate source, a line in Ovid's Ars Amatoria may have more immediately influenced the Old English poet's phrasing. In addition to investigating the source history of two specific lines, this article demonstrates the valuable contributions that source study continues to make to the larger field of Anglo-Saxon studies by presenting a case study that illustrates how source analysis can be used to map more accurately and more completely the intellectual landscape of Anglo-Saxon England.A TERENTIAN PROVERB IN OE MAXIMS I 49 a more or less random compilation of aphorisms, with (at least in part) native Germanic roots. 2 Like the similar sapiential collection Maxims II, 3 Maxims I constitutes a collection of observations on human society and the natural environment that does not exhibit any clearly logical or even sequential structure on a first reading. 4 Much scholarly work on Maxims I has centered on the question of unity and coherence, producing widely differing opinions. 5 Even though the poem does not show any immediately coherent argues that the Exeter Book was made at Exeter in the mid-to late-tenth century (see Chapter IV, especially at 94), whereas Gameson, while not disputing the general dating of the manuscript, excludes Exeter as the place of production (1996, 136, 179, with detailed paleographical analysis on 162-79) and tentatively proposes Glastonbury instead (179). Abbreviations used in this article: ASPR = The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records; CCCM = Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis; CCSL = Corpus Christianorum Series Latina; CSEL = Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum; L = Latin; ModE = Modern English; OE = Old English; PL = Patrologia Latina (ed. J.-P. Migne).
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