This special issue seeks to investigate and understand the various experiences of asylum-seekers, beneficiaries of subsidiary protection and refugees in accessing labour markets across the EU and EEA countries. The first section of this introduction provides an overview of the three groups of people who are the focus of this special issue and their relationship to the labour markets in the EU Member States and EEA countries. The second section provides insights into how the essential features of their labour market integration may be understood by using Levitas’ discourse analysis. The third section explores a range of different labour market access dimensions by focusing not only on the human capital aspects of migration in general but also on the contextual factors of civic stratification; the broader societal context, including public opinion and civil society; the background and situation of earlier migrants, especially asylum-seekers and refugees with respect to national/federal laws; and the countries of origin of migrants as well as demographic trends across the EU. The fourth and final section explains and justifies the focus of this special issue and emphasises the relevance of this topic.
Drawing on both semi-structured interviews and desk-based research, this article contributes to a more nuanced understanding of how asylum-seekers may find themselves trapped in conditions of 'hyper-precarity' in Austria, Finland and Italy, and how their vulnerabilities compare to those of other groups of workers. The first section of the article explains the different histories of Austria, Finland and Italy in terms of hosting asylum-seekers, before outlining the recent labour market dynamics of each of these countries. This is followed by a theoretical discussion of the different elements constituting the 'hyper-precarity trap' as experienced by asylum-seekers. These elements include discussions of precarity, vulnerability and law. The third section explains how the interviews and desk-based research were conducted and analysed. The fourth and final section of the article presents findings and their implications. Ré sumé En se basant sur des interviews semi-structurées et des recherches documentaires, cet article entend contribuer à une compréhension plus nuancée de la manière dont les demandeurs d'asile peuvent se retrouver piégés dans des conditions d'« hyper-précarité » en Autriche, en Finlande et en Italie, et de leurs éléments de vulnérabilité comparés à ceux d'autres groupes de travailleurs. La première partie de l'article explique les antécédents différents de l'Autriche, la Finlande et de l'Italie en termes d'accueil des demandeurs d'asile, avant de décrire les évolutions récentes du marché du travail dans chacun de ces pays. L'article propose ensuite un examen théorique des différents éléments qui constituent le « piège à l'hyper-précarité » tel que le vivent les demandeurs d'asile. Il analyse ainsi les notions de précarité et de vulnérabilité, ainsi que la législation en la
É DITORIAL 'La guerre, les violations des droits de l'homme, le sous-développement, le changement climatique et les désastres naturels conduisent de plus en plus de gens à quitter leur maison, plus qu'à aucun autre moment depuis que nous disposons de données fiables. Plus de 60 millions de personnes, dont la moitié sont des enfants, ont fui la violence ou les persécutions et sont à présent des réfugiés ou des personnes déplacées à l'intérieur de leur pays. [. .. ] Mais ce n'est pas une crise de chiffres: c'est une crise de la solidarité. Près de 90% des réfugiés du monde sont accueillis dans des pays en développement.' (Ban Ki-moon, 9 mai 2016) 1
On 4 November 2014, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) launched the worldwide campaign to put an end to statelessness within the time frame of the next ten years. Therefore, according to the UNHCR reasoning no persons should be affected by statelessness in 2024. The launch of the campaign followed the Global Forum on Statelessness in September 2014 that aimed at highlighting the implications of statelessness of concerned persons and to simultaneously raise awareness (Guardian, ). In an era when nation states have been in existence for over 300 years and citizenship being granted to nationals by states either by Right of the Soil (jus soli) or by Right of the Blood (jus sanguinis), the condition of statelessness comes as a surprise to many persons disposing of citizenship. The legal status of possessing citizenship is generally taken for granted. In my view, the existence of stateless people points to weaknesses in current national legal rights regimes and bears great risks of both affected persons and society.
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