Multiphysics modeling, combining quantum mechanical and classical wave mechanical theories, of clamping levels has been performed for a platinum(II) organic compound in a sol-gel glass matrix. A clamping level of 2.5 microJ is found for a pulse duration of 10 ns. The excited-state absorption in the triplet manifold is shown to be crucial for clamping to occur.
A formulation and implementation of the quadratic response function in the adiabatic four-component Kohn-Sham approximation is presented. The noninteracting reference state is time-reversal symmetric and formed from Kramers pair spinors, and the energy density is gradient corrected. Example calculations are presented for the optical properties of disubstituted halobenzenes in their meta and ortho conformations. It is demonstrated that correlation and relativistic effects are not additive, and it is shown that relativity alone reduces the mubeta-response signal by 62% and 75% for meta- and ortho-bromobenzene, respectively, and enhances the same response by 17% and 21% for meta- and ortho-iodobenzene, respectively. Of the employed functionals, CAM-B3LYP shows the best performance and gives hyperpolarizabilities beta distinctly different from B3LYP.
The quadratic response function has been derived and implemented at the adiabatic four-component Kohn-Sham density functional theory level with inclusion of noncollinear spin magnetization and gradient corrections in the exchange-correlation functional-a work that is an extension of our previous report where magnetization dependencies in the exchange-correlation functional were ignored [J. Henriksson, T. Saue, and P. Norman, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 024105 (2008)]. The electric-field induced second-harmonic generation experiments on CF(3)Cl and CF(3)Br are addressed by a determination of beta(-2omega;omega, omega) for a wavelength of 694.3 nm, and the same property is also determined for CF(3)I. The relativistic effects on the static hyperpolarizability for the series of molecules amount to 1%, 5%, and 9%, respectively. At the experimental wavelength, the contributions to beta due to the magnetization dependence in the exchange-correlation functional are negligible for CF(3)Cl and CF(3)Br and small for CF(3)I. The noticeable effect of magnetization in the latter case is attributed to a near two-photon resonance with the excited state 1 (3)E (nonrelativistic notation). It is emphasized, however, that the effect of magnetization on beta for CF(3)I is negligible both in comparison to the total relativistic correction as well as to the effects of electron correlation. It is concluded that, in calculations of hyperpolarizabilities under nonresonant conditions, the magnetization dependence in the exchange-correlation functional may be ignored.
A first implementation of the single residue of the quadratic response function in the four-component Hartree-Fock approximation is presented. The implementation is based on a Kramers paired molecular orbital basis and takes full advantage of time and spatial symmetry reductions in a quaternion formulation-in analogy with the previous work on the quadratic response function [J. Chem. Phys. 121, 6145 (2004)]. Sample calculations are given in terms of the monochromatic and coherent two-photon absorption cross sections in the noble gases. The relativistic two-photon selection rule DeltaJ = {0,+/-2} allows for nonrelativistically spin-forbidden transitions, and, even in neon, strong two-photon absorption is shown to occur for the X (1)S(0)-->2 (3)P(2) transition. It is argued that relevant comparisons between nonrelativistic and relativistic calculations must be performed at the level of integrated absorption cross sections.
An implementation of the second-order residue of the quadratic response function is presented in the four-component Hartree-Fock approximation, and the calculation of first-order properties of electronically excited states can thereby be achieved. Results are presented for the excited state electric dipole moments of the valence excited states in CsAg and CsAu. For CsAg, and even more so for CsAu, nonscalar relativistic effects on this property may be substantial, e.g., at the four-component level of theory, the excited-to-ground state dipole moment difference Deltamu ranges from 1.994 to 4.110 a.u. for the six components of the 1 (3)Pi state in CsAg, whereas, at the scalar relativistic level of theory, the common value of Deltamu is 2.494 a.u.
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