per-millisecond electrocardiac activity (lead V4) and radiofrequency radiation was recorded 12 jointly. 13Primary outcome measures: Heart rate. The association with radiation was analysed at two 14 levels, (i) at macrolevel, based on averaged condition effects, and (ii) at microlevel, focusing on 15 radiation peak-related effects within the exposure condition. 16Results: The macrolevel analysis clearly indicated that heart rate was lowered during the 17 radiation exposure condition. The heart rate during the preceding and subsequent sham phone 18 condition was respectively 1.014 beats/minute (p < 0.001) and 1.009 beats/minute (p < 0.001) 19higher compared to the radiation exposure condition. In order to conduct radiation-detector 20 controlled microlevel analyses, 142 critical segments were identified, in which a radiation-free 21 period was followed by a radiation peak. The heart rate during the radiation-free period showed a 22 mean increase, whereas the radiation peak period was associated with a mean decrease in heart 23 rate (time*period interaction: p=0.001). Thus, the macrolevel finding was confirmed at 24 microlevel. 25Conclusions: Mobile phone radiation may impact heart rate, suggesting urgent further study to 26 assess physiological safety parameters. 28Corresponding author:
per-millisecond electrocardiac activity (lead V4) and radiofrequency radiation was recorded 12 jointly. 13Primary outcome measures: Heart rate. The association with radiation was analysed at two 14 levels, (i) at macrolevel, based on averaged condition effects, and (ii) at microlevel, focusing on 15 radiation peak-related effects within the exposure condition. 16Results: The macrolevel analysis clearly indicated that heart rate was lowered during the 17 radiation exposure condition. The heart rate during the preceding and subsequent sham phone 18 condition was respectively 1.014 beats/minute (p < 0.001) and 1.009 beats/minute (p < 0.001) 19higher compared to the radiation exposure condition. In order to conduct radiation-detector 20 controlled microlevel analyses, 142 critical segments were identified, in which a radiation-free 21 period was followed by a radiation peak. The heart rate during the radiation-free period showed a 22 mean increase, whereas the radiation peak period was associated with a mean decrease in heart 23 rate (time*period interaction: p=0.001). Thus, the macrolevel finding was confirmed at 24 microlevel. 25Conclusions: Mobile phone radiation may impact heart rate, suggesting urgent further study to 26 assess physiological safety parameters. 28Corresponding author:
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