Abstract. We present a technique for specifying coverage criteria and a method for generating test suites for systems whose behaviours can be described as extended finite state machines (EFSM). To specify coverage criteria we use observer automata with parameters, which monitor and accept traces that cover a given test criterion of an EFSM. The flexibility of the technique is demonstrated by specifying a number of well-known coverage criteria based on control-and data-flow information using observer automata with parameters. We also develop a method for generating test cases from coverage criteria specified as observers. It is based on transforming a given observer automata into a bitvector analysis problem that can be efficiently implemented as an extension to an existing state-space exploration such as, e.g. SPIN or Uppaal.
a b s t r a c tA hierarchical control framework is proposed that enables the provision of flexibility services in power systems through aggregation entities. The focus is on both wholesale energy trade functions, i.e. dayahead market optimisation, and ancillary services to the operators of the transmission and distribution systems, i.e. provision of automatic frequency restoration reserves and peak shaving services. The control framework is generic, scalable, and is effectively configured to address all those diverse needs originating from the lower level, i.e. the device or the user, to the distribution and transmission levels. The work includes the establishment of procedures to identify and solve possible conflicts between the operators of the transmission and distribution systems when procuring ancillary services with competing objectives. The framework is applied on a case study focusing on an aggregation of residential buildings in the Netherlands which are equipped with photovoltaic installations and battery-based energy storage systems. The annual costs and benefits are calculated by using historical market data, whereas the simulation scenarios address the impact of different levels of generation and demand forecasting errors in the economic performance. The outcome of computer simulations provides an informative insight into the differences between the strategies of aggregator companies, and the potential of the investigated markets. The economic evaluation includes the value estimation of peak shaving services at the distribution level. An increase in procurement costs for such services is expected to stimulate the distribution system operators to invest into grid capacity enhancement. (I. Lampropoulos).1 Prosumer is a portmanteau derived by combining the word professional (or producer, or provider) with the word consumer.
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