The aim of the present investigation was to test the Lysholm knee scoring scale from 1985 for sensitivity and reliability. Thirty-one patients with one of four different diagnoses: anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACL), meniscus tear (MT), patello-femoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and lateral ankle sprain (LAS) participated in the study. None of the patients were in the acute phase of injury, and none had undergone surgery. Each patient was interviewed by telephone and gave answers to the Lysholm knee scoring scale verbally, while the interviewer wrote down their replies. This was done on three different occasions, days 1, 3 and 14. The results showed that the ACL group scored the highest (81.1 of possible 100 points) and differed significantly (P < 0.01) from the other three groups. Thus, the Lysholm knee scoring scale was less sensitive for the ACL patients, for whom it was originally designed, than for the other three diagnostic categories. The reliability was highest between the two first testing times, day 1 and 3 (r = 0.75, P < 0.0001).

MAX IV will be Sweden's next-generation high-performance synchrotron radiation source. The project has recently been granted funding and construction is scheduled to begin in 2010. User operation for a broad and international user community should commence in 2015. The facility is comprised of two storage rings optimized for different wavelength ranges, a linac-based short-pulse facility and a freeelectron laser for the production of coherent radiation. The main radiation source of MAX IV will be a 528 m ultralow emittance storage ring operated at 3 GeV for the generation of high-brightness hard x rays. This storage ring was designed to meet the requirements of state-of-the-art insertion devices which will be installed in nineteen 5 m long dispersion-free straight sections. The storage ring is based on a novel multibend achromat design delivering an unprecedented horizontal bare lattice emittance of 0.33 nm rad and a vertical emittance below the 8 pm rad diffraction limit for 1 Å radiation. In this paper we present the beam dynamics considerations behind this storage-ring design and detail its expected unique performance.

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is a hybrid of the spark ignition and compression ignition engine concepts. As in a spark ignition engine, a homogeneous fuel-air mixture is created in the inlet system. During the compression stroke the temperature of the mixture increases and reaches the point of auto ignition, just as in a compression ignition engine (or diesel). One challenge with HCCI engines is the need for good timing control of the combustion. Auto ignition of a homogeneous mixture is very sensitive to operating condition. Even small variations of the load can change the timing from too early to too late combustion. Thus a fast combustion timing control is necessary since it sets the performance limitation of the load control. As measurement for combustion timing feedback, the crank angle of 50% burnt has been used. This paper performs a comparative study of different cylinder-pressure based methods for estimating the crank angle of 50% burnt, CA50. The estimates are compared in terms of accuracy, robustness and feasibility for cycle-to-cycle real-time control. Dynamic models of CA50 are estimated using system identification as a means to find models relevant to engine control.

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Aim: Preterm transition from foetal to neonatal circulation might permanently alter aortic growth and development. To test this hypothesis, we measured aortic dimensions in adolescents born very preterm.Methods: Eighty-six healthy 15-year-old subjects were studied; 45 born very preterm at an average gestational age of 28 weeks (birth weight < 1500 g) and 41 controls born at term. Using a pulsegated Fiesta sequence on a 1.5T MR-scanner, 25 images were collected within the heart cycle at several levels of the descending aorta. End-diastolic cross-sectional areas were semi-automatically calculated using an active contour model.Results: Subjects born preterm had narrower aortic lumen. The difference was 16% in the thoracic and 19% in the abdominal aorta after adjustment for body surface area and gender (p < 0.001).Maternal smoking in pregnancy was also found to be an independent risk factor for aortic narrowing in the offspring (difference 10%-13% throughout the aorta vs. offspring to nonsmoking mothers).Adolescents born preterm had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures; however, blood pressures did not correlate with aortic size or maternal smoking during pregnancy.Conclusion: Very preterm birth and exposure to maternal smoking in foetal life are independent and strong risk factors for general aortic narrowing 15 years after birth.

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