Recent studies have been interested in the effects of age on window strike vulnerability in avian species. To accurately assess age-dependent patterns in avian populations, proper aging criteria should be used to allow for comparisons across studies. Recent window strike studies rely heavily on skull ossification, and we were interested in the accuracy of this method compared to other physiological-based age determinations in passerines and non-passerine landbirds. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed three potential aging criteria that can be used for aging specimens: presence/absence of the bursa of Fabricius, skull ossification, and gonadal maturity. To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative comparison of these criteria. While one study did qualitatively compare the number of agreements versus disagreements between these methods, our study expands on this research by implementing a statistical approach. Skull, bursa, and gonad measurements all were significantly and positively correlated with each other. Nevertheless, we did find disagreement between the methods when further exploring their relationships using Generalized Linear Models. For example, when we compared the number of adult females with immature females to test for window strike vulnerability using a Chi-square test, all three aging criteria produced similar results. Adult females showed a statistically higher rate of window strikes than immature females. However, we still suggest caution using only one criterion to age specimens. In summary, while we did find these three aging characters to be highly correlated, disagreement does exist between these characters.RESUMEN. Estudios recientes se han interesado por los efectos de la edad en la vulnerabilidad a los golpes contra ventanas en especies de aves. Para evaluar con precisión los patrones dependientes de la edad en las poblaciones de aves, deben utilizarse criterios de envejecimiento adecuados que permitan realizar comparaciones entre los distintos estudios. Los estudios recientes sobre el impacto contra ventanas se basan en gran medida en la osificación del cráneo, y nos interesaba conocer la precisión de este método en comparación con otras determinaciones fisiológicas de la edad en aves terrestres Passeriformes y no Passeriformes. En este estudio analizamos cuantitativamente tres posibles criterios de envejecimiento que pueden utilizarse para determinar la edad de los especímenes: presencia/ ausencia de la bursa de Fabricio, osificación del cráneo y madurez gonadal. Hasta donde sabemos, ésta es la primera comparación cuantitativa de estos criterios. Si bien un estudio comparó cualitativamente el número de acuerdos frente a desacuerdos entre estos métodos, nuestro estudio amplía esta investigación mediante la aplicación de un enfoque estadístico. Las mediciones del cráneo, la bursa y las gónadas mostraron una correlación significativa y positiva entre sí. No obstante, encontramos discrepancias entre los métodos al explorar más a fondo sus relaciones mediante modelos lineales genera...
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