In the past, systems that present digitized archival materials were often created with limited knowledge of their audiences' needs and greater focus on the materials. Organizations must ask whether digital delivery systems are sufficiently effective to merit financial support. As part of the planning process for a digital delivery system at the Orbis Cascade Alliance, the Northwest Digital Archives (NWDA) consortium conducted a study of its core researchers' needs for the selection and presentation of archival materials online. With the assistance of NWDA members, 19 subjects were recruited for hourlong interviews. Although the number of subjects meant that the conclusions should be regarded as preliminary rather than definitive, we were able to draw conclusions about these researchers' needs and desires that will shape the development of elements of the Alliance's digital delivery systems for unique locally held content.
Manuscripts curators who wish to microfilm or otherwise duplicate a collection for preservation and access commonly confront a problem: multiple copyrights represented in a collection. It is practically impossible to obtain permission from the numerous parties who may hold such copyrights. What are the limits of fair use in such a case, particularly considering the restrictive environment after Salinger v. Random House, Inc.? Archival tradition and practice offer some answers more hopeful for preservation and access to materials, but the law still limits. To best serve the research community, archivists must lobby to have more liberal policies codified into law. The Papers of Katherine Anne Porter, a collection held by Archives and Manuscripts at the University of Maryland at College Park Libraries, is used as an example.
Over the last twenty-five years, cultural heritage professionals have formed aggregations—of finding aids, digital object metadata, or related forms of description—in order to overcome barriers to creating and presenting structured, consistent, and interoperable description and to enable expanded access. Now most of these aggregators are struggling to update their infrastructure, meet user needs for access to archival collections, and engage with some of the most promising conceptual, technical, and structural advances in the field. In 2018–2019, the “Toward a National Archival Finding Aid Network” planning initiative identified what aggregation has accomplished, articulated the key challenges facing aggregators, identified which areas could benefit from collaborative work, and created a vision for that work. With the near-completion of a research and demonstration by the California Digital Library, “Building a National Finding Aid Network” (NAFAN), the project and the archival profession have an opportunity to learn from the past and transform access to cultural heritage. However, none of the large-scale aggregations in the United States present a viable model for sustainability. Sustainability will become possible if they overcome the factors that have limited the success of aggregation so far. These include an over-focus on implementing new technical standards and infrastructure and under-focus on the real limitations: lack of knowledge of end user needs and attempting to accomplish too much without the needed resources. By drawing on both the background research described in this article and the further research conducted during the current NAFAN project, this and other cultural heritage enterprises have an opportunity to create a future in which access to cultural heritage is equalized and expanded for both institutions and end users.
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