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The present work was aimed at evaluating the multi-metals column adsorption of lead(II), cadmium(II) and manganese(II) ions onto natural bentonite. The bentonite clay adsorbent was characterized for physical and chemical properties using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and cation exchange capacity. The column performance was evaluated using adsorbent bed height of 5.0 cm, with varying influent concentrations (10 mg/L and 50 mg/L) and flow rates (1.4 mL/min and 2.4 mL/min). The result shows that the breakthrough time for all metal ions ranged from 50 to 480 minutes. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at initial concentration of 10 mg/L and flow rate of 1.4 mL/min, with 2.22 mg/g of lead(II), 1.71 mg/g of cadmium(II) and 0.37 mg/g of manganese(II). The order of metal ions removal by natural bentonite is lead(II) > cadmium(II) > manganese(II). The sorption performance and the dynamic behaviour of the column were predicted using Adams-Bohart, Thomas, and Yoon-Nelson models. The linear regression analysis demonstrated that the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models fitted well with the column adsorption data for all metal ions. The natural bentonite was effective for the treatment of wastewater laden with multi-metals, and the process parameters obtained from this work can be used at the industrial scale.

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The seed oil of Balanites aegyptiaca was extracted and its physical, phytochemical and chemical properties which accounts for the oil quality parameters were investigated. The elemental composition of the oil revealed high metal concentration of sodium (5.9178±0.2 mg/g) in the seed kernel, magnesium (2.2242±0.007 mg/g) and calcium (1.4643±0.5) in the seed oil. The chemical parameters evaluated include saponification value (200.02±0.12 mgKOH/g), acid value (2.14±0.28 (mgKOH/g), iodine value (104.39±0.00 100/g), peroxide value (2.95±0.00 (mEq/kg) and free fatty acid (0.82±0.01%). The physical parameters determined were oil content, specific gravity, refractive index and moisture content. These were found to be 45.32±0.0026%, 0.90±0.03, 1.45 and 0.114±0.04%, respectively. The oil quality parameters showed that the oil is of edible quality with highest %FFA content of 0.84 % and considered non-drying oil. The fatty acids composition of the oil was evaluated using GC-MS as FAME, the oil contains about 47.52 % unsaturated fatty acids. Phytochemical screening of the oil also showed the presence of alkaloid, steroid, cardiac glycoside and carbohydrate. The seed kernel of Balanites Aegyptiaca is a good source of vegetable oil.

Coal tar was extracted from Garin Maiganga and Shankodi coals by fixed bed pyrolysis process carried out between 325˚C and 600˚C at heating rate of 10˚C/min and holding time of 30 min. The tar yield determined was 31.95% for Shankodi and 17.02% Garin Maiganga. The obtained coal tar samples have the viscosity of 17.5 and 18.0 cP while the density was 0.9119 and 0.9156 g/cm 3 for Garin Maiganga and Shankodi respectively. The solubility of all the coal samples in solvents such as water, benzene, alcohols, acetone, ether and chloroform is similar to the standard tar. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to analyse the coal tar components. The analysis result showed that the coal tar contained over 48 chemical compounds for Garin Maiganga and over 50 compounds for Shankodi. Benzo and naphthalene compounds were present in all the coal tar samples and these chemicals have wide industrial application.

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