The Internet of Things and Fog Computing are technologies currently used in many areas. They can be applied to provide a residential automation environment, for example, fire alarm applications, gas leak alarms, among others. Security-related searches for these fog-based environments are still in the early stages. Also, the fact that these environments are connected to the Internet makes them vulnerable to various threats, such as Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. In this work, we propose a module for detection and prevention of DoS attacks, that operates in the system's fog layer, to protect the system from external attacks. Practical experiments were carried out with the proposed module, considering a Raspberry Pi 3B as our fog server. The results obtained demonstrates that the approach is capable of detecting external attacks, as well as blocking the IPs from attackers, using less than 20% of cpu and less than 1% of RAM memory usage.A Internet das Coisas e a Computação por Névoa são tecnologias usadas atualmente em muitas áreas. Eles podem ser aplicados para fornecer um ambiente de automação residencial, por exemplo, aplicações de alarme de incêndio, alarmes de vazamento de gás, entre outros. As pesquisas relacionadas à segurança desses ambientes baseados em neblina ainda estão nos estágios iniciais. Além disso, o fato de esses ambientes estarem conectados à Internet os torna vulneráveis a várias ameaças, como ataques de negação de serviço (DoS). Neste trabalho, propomos um módulo para detecção e prevenção de ataques de negação de serviço, que opera na camada de neblina do sistema, para proteger o sistema contra ataques externos. Experimentos práticos foram realizados com o módulo proposto, considerando um Raspberry Pi 3B como nosso servidor de neblina. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a abordagem é capaz de detectar ataques externos, além de bloquear os IPs dos invasores, usando menos de 20% da CPU e menos de 1% do uso de memória RAM.Palavras-Chave: Dos Attack; Computação em nevoeiro; Ambientes inteligentes. 23943Finally, in the UDP Flood attack, the attacker sends several packets with UDP datagram to the servers. The UDP protocol does not need to make any connection establishment before sending the data. Also, it does not guarantee that the data arrives correctly to the destination, so it is an untrusted protocol. This protocol has little control information, making it smaller and faster, so it is widely used in real-time applications and also in the communication between IoT objects [Cabrera et al. 2001].The following are the concepts related to IDS, an important security mechanism. Intrusion Detection and PreventionThe first step in securing a networked system is to detect the attack, even if it is unable to prevent it, so intrusion detection can be considered the first line of defense in any security system [Kabiri and Ghorbani 2005]. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are security tools [Garcia-Teodoro et al. 2009] that aim to defend a system, executing countermeasures or generating alerts for an entit...
O estudo ora apresentado busca não só descrever uma relação mais complexa e interativa entre formas jurídicas oficiais e não oficiais, mas também desenvolver hipóteses concernentes ao seu encadeamento, a fim de explorar se o pluralismo jurídico expressa características do constitucionalismo latino-americano. O caso de Denilson Trindade, indígena habitante da comunidade Manoá-Pium, que foi “condenado a waiwaizar”, após ser denunciado pelo Ministério Público por haver assassinado seu irmão, é utilizado para ilustrar o estado da arte do pluralismo jurídico no Brasil. Além disso, explora-se material empírico, proveniente de fontes etnográficas secundárias, bem como a revisão de estudos sociojurídicos acerca dos conceitos trabalhados. Oferta-se ao leitor alguma evidência que talvez possa haver a respeito do pluralismo jurídico no Brasil e, por conseguinte, do reconhecimento da legitimidade de jurisdições indígenas. Uma análise “generalizante” do caso exige um diálogo intercultural, confluindo para o enriquecimento recíproco entre as culturas jurídicas “originárias” e “contemporâneas” da América Latina. A discussão revela que o pluralismo jurídico é um conceito-chave e parte integrante do acervo comum do constitucionalismo latino-americano. Ainda que seja um caso detentor de significado próprio, será preciso observar em outros casos futuros o desdobramento deste precedente. Nestes limites, este estudo traz à baila uma descrição sociojurídica sobre o confronto entre jurisdições estatais e indígenas.
Este é um artigo de acesso aberto, licenciado por Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0), sendo permitidas reprodução, adaptação e distribuição desde que o autor e a fonte originais sejam creditados. Resenha Bricolagem Constitucional: uma contribuição inexplorada de Mark Tushnet para a teoria do direito Constitutional Bricolage: Mark Tushnet's unexplored contribution to the legal theory
This research observes how the emergence of transnational orphan drugs market affects the different national regulatory frameworks and the demands for health care of people with rare diseases in some central and peripheral countries. The problem of enabling patient access to orphan drugs is studied from the factors that determine whether regulation or litigation would most likely be preferred to face it. This dissertation describes and compares the orphan drugs regulatory environments of six countries: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, France and the United States of America. The comparative analysis suggests that the existence of financial incentives and a marketing exclusivity period is the main difference among central and peripheral regulatory systems. Central countries adopt regulations that have a crucial economic role, given the globalized nature of the orphan drugs industry. These products are in general fabricated by a single laboratory, and are not likely to be acquired by the consumer. Additionally, this study furthers into the Brazilian context describing the judicial access to orphan drugs through a case study about Soliris®, one of the most expensive drugs worldwide, considering that the interruption in its public acquisition resulted in several deaths in the post-2016 period. This research collects data by means of journalistic narratives, lawsuits, ethnographic observations and qualitative interviews conducted spontaneously, identifying the public funds mobilized to its acquisition, the unity price, general features of its producer, the socioeconomic profile of the litigants and so forth. These data suggest that the national policy of pharmaceutical assistance has failed to enable patient access to orphan products, whereas poor or vulnerable people, who do not live in the main cities of the country, have been trying to correct it through their individual claims, with the assistance of patient organizations. The results support the hypothesis that developments of regulation came about because energized patient activist movements, adopting a discourse that linked the right to orphan drugs to an issue of equity and social justice, forced agencies to face up a long-ignored problem, reframing policies that legitimate new tools for health technology assessment. In this sense, the macro-litigation of fundamental rights can gradually forge regulatory reform in the other branches.
Occasionally, elected officials invite the judiciary to resolve those particularly challenging problems for which there are no solutions or that they would rather not address. The access to orphan drugs in Brazil is a problem of such type. With the aim of illustrating how the judicial enforcement of social rights can favor vulnerable groups, this article deploys original data through a case study on the most prominently judicialized orphan drug in Brazil, reliant on quantitative as well as qualitative primary sources. Thus, it advances a twofold argument. First, when the exercise of a social right is associated with a politically unpalatable controversy, meaning one that does not foster enough political interest in a solution, despite embodying a pressing policy problem, elected officials are less likely to address it. Second, the expansion of judicial power would be defensible against the backdrop of an issue of such type. The empirical analysis yields new insights into normative debates concerning social rights judicial enforcement. When politically disadvantaged groups learn to use the constitutional framework to advance their interests by presenting rights claims, in the long term it can generate information about the scope of a legislative inertia, give a voice to silenced actors, and reallocate resources to care for urgent needs of minoritarian groups.
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