Lumbar hernia is defined as the presence of failure in the transverse fascia or in the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominal muscle that results in the extrusion of intra or extra peritoneal organs through the discontinuity of the postero lateral abdominal wall. The aim of this study was to conduct a methodical review of the anatomy of the hernia form grynfelt dated from 1985 to 2016. For this, we performed a bibliographic review through electronic databases like SciELO, PubMed, Science Direct, LILACS and Bireme to get better approach to the subject. It has been found that the lumbar hernia is a disease little known by doctors whose diagnostics are often performed in the wrong way and for surgical correction needs a good anatomical knowledge. Lumbar hernias, although rare, must be taken into account, since ischemia of herniated intestinal segments can lead to the death of the patient, especially in the elderly. Knowledge about the anatomy of the lumbar region is of vital importance because it makes surgery safe and reduces risks of complications and recidivating of the hernia.

Introduction The successful identification of the deceased is vital to the progress of any forensic investigation. This process of identification is facilitated by the determination of age, gender, and ethnicity. One of the main biological traits to be established from skeletal remains is the gender of the individual. In situations in which there are fragmented and mutilated skeletal remains, gender determination is relatively difficult, and it becomes important to establish the accuracy of individual bones. The basal region of the occipital bone is covered by a large volume of soft tissue and is therefore in a relatively well-protected anatomical position and, as such, classification of gender using the occipital bone may prove to be useful in cases of significantly disrupted remains. The present study aims to describe and analyze the morphological aspects of the foramen magnum (FM) in the population of the northeastern region of Brazil. Material and Methods A total of 159 dry skulls (88 males and 71 females) were subjected to measurement by a digital caliper (DIGIMESS®, Instrumentos de Precisão Ltda., São Paulo, Brazil) and was assessed for anteroposterior diameter (APD) and transverse diameter (TD), FM area, FM index (FMI), anterior, posterior and maximum lateral intercondylar distance. The measurement of all of these parameters sought to classify the FM in nine different types. Results The pentagonal type was the most found in males (11.31%), and the biconvex in females (18.86%). The less frequent type in males was the pear type (2.53%), and in females the less frequent types were the pentagonal and the heptagonal types (2.53% each). Using the traditional anthropological classification of Martin et al,13 the most common type of FM was the brachytrematous, with 49.68% of the total skulls. The APD, TD and FM area were higher in males than in females, only in the oval FM type. Conclusion The sexual dimorphism of the dimensions of the FM is established. However, there is a wide variability in the shape and measures in different populations, and to our knowledge this is the first study that shows the different types of the FM in the population of the northeastern region of Brazil.

Resumo Fundamento As pontes miocárdicas (PM) são anomalias anatômicas com possíveis repercussões clínicas, e, portanto, seu entendimento merece atenção. Objetivo Para determinar a prevalência e caracterizar a PM em corações humanos do estado do Ceará. Métodos: Foram usados cinquenta corações de cadáveres humanos adultos da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brasil. Os corações foram dissecados para identificar PMs que passam sobre parte da artéria coronária. O segmento da artéria (proximal, médio e distal) com a ponte foi identificado. O diâmetro externo da artéria nos pontos proximal e distal da PM foi medido. O comprimento e a espessura da PM também foram medidos com um calibre eletrônico. O índice de massa muscular (IMM) da PM foi calculado como o produto do comprimento pela espessura expresso em milímetros. O nível de significância adotado para a análise estatística foi 5%. Resultados A PM foi confirmada em 40% da amostra. Aproximadamente um terço da amostra tinha apenas 1 PM. A PM foi encontrada mais frequentemente sobre o ramo interventricular anterior da artéria coronária esquerda (59,25%, p = 0,02), e sua prevalência em outros ramos foi muito mais baixa (22,23%). Os segmentos das artérias mais afetados foram o superior (44,44%) e o médio (40,74%). O diâmetro médio das artérias proximais em relação à PM foi de 2,38 ± 0,97 mm (intervalo = 0,78 - 5,15 mm), e o diâmetro distal da PM foi de 1,71 ± 0,75 mm (intervalo = 0,42 - 3,58 mm). O comprimento foi medido como média = 8,55 ± 5,27 mm, e a espessura média foi de 0,89 ± 0,33 mm. Conclusão A alta prevalência de PM tem mais probabilidade de afetar o sistema da artéria coronária esquerda com IMM maior do que outros ramos afetados.

The academic tutoring activity is understood as an educational support exercise officially instituted in Brazilian universities. The teaching‐assistant, while supporting the teaching‐learning process of fellow students who contribute to the increase in their interest in a given area, becomes the main beneficiary with the practice of tutoring. The tutoring of the Human Anatomy discipline consists of teaching, research and extension activities, thus representing an indispensable strategy for facilitating the construction and mastery of anatomical knowledge. Based on this premise, the objective of this work was to describe the role of human anatomy tutoring as a tool for improving the teaching and learning process and extending the medical course. During a year of tutoring, teaching activities were carried out using cadavers and anatomical pieces, extension activities for public and private schools, technical training activities, anatomical competitions and the teaching of anatomical dissection. It was observed that the tutoring of human anatomy in the School of Medicine of the Federal University of Ceará represents a complementary way of learning anatomy. This activity deepened the anatomical knowledge of the teaching‐assistants mainly due to the activity of dissection and assistance in practical undergraduate classes. Anatomy tutoring provided the motor development of cadaver handling skills that are important for surgical technique, developed ethical competence and respect for the relationship with death. In addition, the tutoring contributes to the continuous renovation of anatomical pieces and to the activity of visiting the anatomy laboratory by the community. It was found that the tutoring of anatomy is an important tool for the dissemination of anatomical knowledge and improvement of the teaching and learning process in the undergraduate and community in general.

Introduction:The pterion is an anatomical craniometric point that marks the conflu-ence of sutures between the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones. It has a variety of types that have been found and described. Proper knowledge of pterion morphology could improve microneurosurgeries that use pterional approaches. Therefore, the current study aims to analyze the morphology and morphometry of the pterion in human skulls from the Northeastern region of Brazil. Materials and Methods A total of 54 dry adult human skulls were analyzed in the present study. They were classified according to gender and to the pattern of the pterion. The epipteric bone was also classified. Linear measurements were taken bilaterally using a digital caliper. Values of p ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The most common type of pterion found was the sphenoparietal (both in males and females). No differences between gender or side were found for the morphometric parameters analyzed (p > 0.05). The present study showed that 12.96% of the skulls had an epipteric bone. The unilateral presentation was more common than the bilateral one. Conclusion:The present is the first study that shows sexual dimorphism regarding the types and morphometric parameters of the pterion in a population from the Northeastern region of Brazil, and it showed a similar pattern of pterion types when compared with the data in the current literature, but different values for all morphometric parameters analyzed. These results might help neurosurgeons use this craniometric point to access a variety of brain lesions in individuals from Northeastern Brazil, decreasing the rates of iatrogenic lesion and increasing the rates of successful outcomes.