The World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and the Ministry of Health, recommend that breastfeeding be up to 6 months of age. After this period, complementary feeding should be added, and breast milk shoul continue until two years of age. This is explained by the fact that human milk provides protection to the babies against pathogens, being a strong ally in building their immunity. Thus, the present study aims to show the importance of breastfeeding in the construction of the infant's immune system, specifically in innate immunity, as well as also to describe the consequences that early weaning can cause the newborn's health. This study is a bibliographic review, with a qualitative approach, of an exploratory type. Because breast milk has necessary components for the development of the newborn, breastfeeding is essential in building the newborn's immunity, especially in the innate, and early weaning should therefore be avoided.

Obesity is seen as a major public health problem and it is characterized by the excess of fat tissue in the body. This tissue is subdivided into white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. Studies have shown that the adipose tissue is responsible for the release of signaling substances, called adipokines, which have several functions and their immunological role is the most important attribution. This paper aims to address the characteristics of obesity and its relationship with the immune system. This condition came to be seen as an inflammatory disease, since pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines are at altered levels. This study is a bibliographic review, with a qualitative approach, of an exploratory type. The results obtained in this bibliographic research confirm that resistin and leptin, which are pro-inflammatory adipokines, are in high levels in patients with obesity, while adiponectin, Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10, which are anti-inflammatory adipokines, are in lower levels in these patients when compared to patients with no obesity. The study of the molecules involved in the pathophysiology of obesity is extremely important, since this is an increasingly common condition in the world, and it leads to several losses, including the development of inflammatory and chronic diseases.

As Hepatites Virais (HV) são causadas por cinco tipos distintos de vírus que possuem tropismo pelo tecido hepático, apresentando importantes diferenças entre si e particularidades regionais. Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetiva realizar um levantamento bibliográfico atual, disseminando informações sobre aspectos epidemiológicos, manifestações clínicas, formas preventivas, testagem e tratamento das HVs. Esse estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, qualitativa, com característica exploratória, onde foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados virtuais por artigos, dissertações, teses, manuais e boletins epidemiológicos no período de 2010 a 2020. As HVs são doenças infecciosas sistêmicas, consideradas as principais representantes da “síndrome hepatocelular”. Podem cursar de forma aguda ou tornarem-se crônicas, sendo a fase aguda autolimitada, com duração média de 02 meses, tendo seu período máximo até 06 meses; a forma crônica é caracterizada por um período maior que 06 meses com o vírus no organismo, causando repetidas e incessantes agressões aos hepatócitos. A patologia cursa oligossintomática até que o paciente desenvolva sintomas característicos como ascite e encefalopatia hepática; outras formas de descobrir que o indivíduo é portador de uma HV são em testagens sanguíneas durante doações de hemocomponentes, exames de pré-natal, candidatos ao programa de hemodiálise e em campanhas de testagem rápida. Com esse estudo pôde-se delinear o perfil dos grupos de risco mais vulneráveis, tornando-se possível desenhar estratégias de prevenção, visando minimizar a taxa de contágio e episódios epidêmicos atingindo a meta global “NOHep” da OMS para erradicação das hepatites virais como problema de saúde pública até 2030.

Os anticoncepcionais são um conjunto de métodos que tem como objetivo mais comum evitar a gravidez. Em relação à utilização frequente de métodos contraceptivos hormonais, alguns estudos demonstram que o uso prolongado pode acarretar malefícios à saúde da mulher. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os principais tipos de anticoncepcionais hormonais, abordar os mecanismos de ação de cada um e descrever o surgimento de patologias relacionadas ao uso prolongado destes. O estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica de natureza qualitativa com caráter exploratório. Os contraceptivos surgiram dando certa liberdade à mulher no que diz respeito à gravidez, possibilitando a escolha do momento para ideal isto, porém seu uso deve ser feito com acompanhamento de um médico especialista, uma vez que serão analisadas as características individuais da mulher e dessa forma, o medicamento mais adequado será utilizado.

About 2.4 million people die each year worldwide as a result of chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV is a worldwide problem, more than 170 million people are infected with the virus worldwide, corresponding to about 3% of the population. Some common signs for patients chronically infected with HCV are: increased liver enzyme activity and chronic liver diseases, such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study consists of a literature review, of a qualitative nature which aims to approach the main clinical and epidemiological aspects of the chronic infection caused by the HCV. HCV detection is carried out by screening for antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and screening for HCV-RNA through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The current detection methods are not viable for all medical centers and outpatient clinics, making it necessary to develop new detection methods, since the technological apparatus for screening HCV-RNA, as well as ELISA, is a distant reality for the vast majority of the global health system. The development of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) increased the viral response, reaching up to 92.7% success rate. It is necessary to monitor post-treatment patients, as well as to treat patients who are still affected by the virus worldwide, to ensure that there is no progression of liver fibrosis in cirrhosis, nor the development of HCC. Additionally, vigilance should be maintained for possible mutations and the emergence of viral resistance to DAAs.

Objective: This study has as objective to verify whether MBL2 gene polymorphisms are related to the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease (CD) in sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients. Methods: Overall, 259 unrelated SCA patients were enrolled. The patients were divided into three groups: control group, stroke group ad range of risk group. Peripheral blood samples were collected and DNA extraction was performed. All patients were genotyped for exon 1, promoter region -221 and promoter region -550 of MBL2 gene, along with β-globin gene haplotypes. Results: Concerning the genotyping of the MBL2, there was no difference in the frequency of allelic and genotypic variants of the exon 1 and the promoter regions -221 and -550 of the MBL2 gene among the studied groups. Conclusion: Despite the small number of patients, and the lack of association between MBL2 polymorphisms and CD, our study represents an effort to understand the impact of MBL2 polymorphisms in the clinical outcome of patients with SCA.

The current pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread alarmingly around the world at a significantly faster speed than previous coronaviral outbreaks. Due to the lack of a vaccine at the moment, an early antiviral intervention can prevent the spread of the disease worldwide and improve the clinical results of infected patients. The SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) have a similar structure, replication, and catalytic mechanisms, therefore, several studies have considered the potential for antiviral activity of anti-HCV drugs such as remdesivir, simeprevir, sofosbuvir, and daclatasvir against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate and discuss the antivirals already available against HCV, which have also been shown to be potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication. The study was based on a literature review, of a qualitative nature and an exploratory type. Studies with anti-HCV drugs are promising and are already considered to start clinical trials in patients infected with the new coronavirus, having been observed as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication. Thus, the present study brings a pharmaco-clinical review on antivirals remdesivir, simeprevir, sofosbuvir, and daclatasvir, considering the main studies carried out to date in the treatment for Covid-19.

A Covid-19 é causada pelo SARS-CoV-2, o qual é responsável pela pandemia declarada em Março de 2020, levando mais de 500 mil mortes no Brasil até Junho de 2021. O vírus possui uma proteína importante chamada de proteína S, que é ligada ao receptor ACE2, o qual permite a entrada do vírus em várias células. Por causa da sua afinidade, o receptor ACE2 permite a entrada do vírus em vários tecidos humanos, não apenas no tecido pulmonar. Acredita-se que os casos mais graves estão relacionados com a tempestade de citocinas e o aumento da expressão gênica de ACE2. O presente estudo objetiva trazer uma revisão nos tipos atuais de medicamentos utilizados no tratamento da Covid-19 no Brasil, destacando a importância de estudos terapêuticos mais aprofundados sobre a doença. A revisão bibliográfica qualitativa foi realizada entre Junho de 2020 e Junho de 2021. Pesquisas e estudos científicos permitiram o desenvolvimento de vacinas como ferramentas profiláticas contra a Covid-19. Entretanto, os fármacos utilizados para o tratamento são ainda incertos. Uma das primeiras drogas citadas na literatura para o tratamento foi a cloroquina (CQ) e a hidroxicloroquina (HCQ). Adicionalmente, azitromicina (AZI), nitazoxanida (NTZ) e metilprednisolona (MPDN) também são consideradas alternativas terapêuticas no Brasil. No caso de indivíduos já infectados, a vacina não é mais eficiente para tratamento. Portanto, é necessário identificar um tratamento eficiente contra a Covid-19, sendo necessárias pesquisas mais aprofundadas sobre os medicamentos utilizados para combater o SARS-CoV-2.