Twenty-two Serrana goats were studied through two successive estrous cycles in order to characterize their follicular dynamics during the breeding season. The ovaries of the goats were scanned daily by realtime ultrasonography and all follicles ≥3 mm were measured and classified. The data were classified by the number of follicular waves per goat to test the hypothesis that temporal and morphological differences between the last follicular wave of an ovary, irrespective of ovulation, will affect the selection of the next ovulatory wave.The mean interovulatory interval was 20.7 ± 1.0 days (mean ± S.D.). Three to five waves per estrous cycle were observed and 61.3% (19/31) of cycles had four waves. In estrous cycles with four waves, the day of onset of the first, second, third and fourth wave was 1.4 ± 1.0, 6.9 ± 1.4, 11.6 ± 1.8 and 16.8 ± 1.6, respectively. No differences (P > 0.05) were found between the day of onset of the first and second waves for estrous cycles with three, four or five waves. However, the day of onset of the third and fourth waves occurred later when the number of waves per estrous cycle increased (P < 0.001). The duration of the interwave interval (time between the day of onset of two consecutive waves) was longer when the second wave was ovulatory. The length of the growth phase (2.4 ± 0.9 days) and size (5.9 ± 0.7 mm) of the dominant follicle in the second wave were lower (P < 0.01) than for the first wave (3.3 ± 1.2 days and 6.6 ± 0.9 mm, respectively) and the fifth wave (4.1 ± 1.2 days and 7.5 ± 1.0 mm, respectively). Within pairs of ovaries, the onset of the last wave occurred later (P < 0.05) and was less variable in ovulatory ovaries (day 16.8 ± 1.4, n = 20) than in anovulatory ovaries (day 15.1 ± 3.7, n = 20). The length of the growing phase was longer (P < 0.001) in the last waves of ovulatory ovaries (3.1 ± 0.9 days) than in the last waves of anovulatory ovaries (1.7 ± 0.8 days). These results support the hypothesis that the day of onset of the ovulatory wave is related to or, at least, conditioned by the luteolysis and the decrease in plasma progesterone. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +35 1259350417; fax: +35 1259350480. J. Simões et al. / Animal Reproduction Science 95 (2006) 16-26 17 In summary, the estrous cycle of Serrana goats is characterized by sequential follicular wave growth with a great variability in their onset and duration, with the exception of the ovulatory wave. The temporal and morphological differences observed in the last wave of estrous cycle provide strong evidence for the role of progesterone in their regulation.

The accuracy of transrectal real-time ultrasonography (RTU) scanning technique to detect ovarian structures (follicles and corpus luteum) of Serrana goats was compared to the data obtained by observation of ovarian sequential slices. This slicing technique (SLI) was considered as reference method. The laparoscopy and laparotomy techniques were also used for corpora lutea identification. For this purpose the ovaries of 14 females were observed, 7-8 days after ovulation, by transrectal ultrasonography followed by laparoscopic examination. Then ovaries were removed and studied by slicing. In the sliced sections of each ovary (n = 28), follicles and corpus luteum (CL) were identified and counted. CL and follicular diameters were measured using a millimetre scale.The total number of follicles, counted by RTU, was significantly lower than that observed by SLI (P < 0.01). This difference was mainly due to the under estimation of <2 mm follicles category. The correlation coefficient between category data obtained by RTU and SLI methods for the number of follicles ≥3 mm was high (r 2 = 0.95, P < 0.001), which highlights the use of UTR as a potential methodology to study the follicular dynamic of goats.There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the average number (mean ± S.D.) of corpus luteum identified per ovary by RTU (0.71 ± 0.75), laparoscopy (0.58 ± 0.71), laparotomy (0.67 ± 0.76) or SLI (0.83 ± 0.76) methods. The accuracy for the identification of ovulation, validated by CL detection on D7-D8 by SLI (100%), was 91.7%, 87.5% and 83.3% by RTU, laparotomy and laparoscopy, respectively. The negative predictive value of RTU, laparotomy and * Corresponding author. E-mail address: jsimoes@utad.pt (J. Simões). Simões et al. / Animal Reproduction Science 85 (2005) [263][264][265][266][267][268][269][270][271][272][273] laparoscopy to verify the absence of a CL in the ovary was 81.8%, 75.0% and 69.2%, respectively. The specificity of all three methods for the CL identification was 100%. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in the probability to detect the exact number of CL (0, 1 or 2) counted in each ovary between the RTU (87.5%), laparotomy (83.3%) and laparoscopy (75.0%) methods when compared with the reference method. 0378-The diameter of spherical CL could be estimated with reliability (r 2 = 0.86; P < 0.001). The real-time ultrasonographic scanning proved to be a highly accurate method for detection and measurement of several categories of follicles and CL size in Serrana goats. The results of the present study show that laparoscopy and RTU are similarly reliable techniques for CL detection. However, the RTU represents a non-traumatic technique with advantages to animal welfare both in experimental and reproductive evaluation of the size of ovarian structures.

This study aimed to assess the degree of contamination of bulk tank milk (BTM) by Staphylococcus spp. and coliform bacteria and to identify major milking practices that help perpetuate them in dairy cattle herds in São Miguel Island. In July 2014, BTM was sampled and a survey concerning local milking practices was conducted on 100 herds. Semi quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction detected coagulase-negative staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and other coliform bacteria (Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens) in 100, 75, 59, and 35 % of BTM, respectively. According to multivariable univariate models, on herds not using hot water for cleaning the milking machine and teat liners, there was at least 3.4 more odds (P < 0.01) to have S. aureus or coliform bacteria contamination in BTM. The likelihood of finding S. aureus in BTM was higher (P < 0.001) on herds without high hygiene during milking, when milking mastitic cows at the end, on abrupt cessation of milking at dry-off, and official milk control implementation. The glove use also favored (odds ratio (OR) 5.8; P < 0.01) the detection of coliform bacteria in BTM. Poor milking practices identified in this study should be avoided in order to decrease S. aureus and coliform bacteria contamination of BTM. Other factors associated with milk quality in São Miguel Island also should be further investigated.

In order to characterize the evolution pattern of the corpora lutea (CL) and to compare luteal function with their ultrasonographic appearance, 37 estrous cycles of Serrana goats (n = 22) were studied during breeding season. A daily transrectal ultrasound scanning was performed through two successive estrous cycles. Both solid and fluid-filled CL were observed and measured in both ovaries of each goat. Additionally, each CL was classified as CL ICHE (CL with irregular contours and heterogeneous echotexture) or CL RCGE (CL with regular contours and granular echotexture). Ovarian cyclic activity and luteal function were evaluated by biweekly plasma progesterone (P4) determination. The CL (n = 60) were first visualized on day 2.9 ± 1.0 after the day of ovulation (day 0), showing 7.1 ± 1.8 mm of diameter and reach their maximum size (12.5 ± 1.6 mm) on day 10.7 ± 3.2 (P < 0.001). Two days before the following ovulation (day −2), the CL regressed to 8.4 ± 1.3 mm (P < 0.001). The central cavity was found in 78.3% of CL, and had a persistence of over 50% until the last days of estrous cycle. The ratio CL length/cavity length was low during the first-third and high during the remaining two-thirds of estrous cycle. On day 2, the percentage of CL ICHE was 33.3%, and began to decrease to 16.7% on day 6, reaching the minimum of 3.3% on day 10 (P < 0.001). This proportion increased on day −3 to 48.3% and reached 90% on day −1 (P < 0.001). The correlation between CL size and plasma P4 levels was r = 0.63 (n = 87; P < 0.001). A negative correlation between the daily proportion of CL ICHE and plasma P4 levels was found (r = −0.95; n = 18; P < 0.001). These results suggest that the ultrasonographic appearance of CL is a reliable parameter for the assessment of luteal function in goats. Both the characterization of echotexture and size of central cavity could be valuable tools to differentiate between phases of normal estrous cycles.

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Fifteen nulliparous and nine multiparous Serrana goats were used, through two successive oestrous cycles, in order to characterize their ovulation time with regard to the number of ovulations after induced and natural oestrus during the breeding season. The onset of oestrus was detected by the amount of vasectomized bucks after oestrus synchronization with prostaglandin, given 10 days apart, and in the following two expected natural oestrus. The preovulatory LH peak was determined from blood samples collected 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h after onset of oestrus. A transrectal ovarian ultrasound scanning was performed 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44 and 60 h after onset of oestrus, for the detection of ovulations by means of the disappearance of large follicles (.4 to 5 mm). Single ovulations were observed in 76% of oestrous periods in nulliparous goats and in 18% of nulliparous goats. The onset of oestrus to LH peak interval was lower in nulliparous (12.1 6 0.9 h, n 5 38) than in multiparous (15.6 6 1.0 h, n 5 22, P , 0.05) goats with no oestrus interaction effects (P . 0.05). The LH peak to first ovulation interval was higher after natural (18.9 6 0.7 h, n 5 36) than after induced (15.8 6 1.2 h, n 5 24, P , 0.05) oestrus. The onset of oestrus to total ovulation interval was influenced by parity (P , 0.01) and oestrus type (P , 0.05) with a length of 30.1 6 1.1 h (n 5 15) and 33.4 6 1.5 h (n 5 9) for induced oestrus of nulliparous and multiparous goats, respectively, and 32.5 6 1.0 h (n 5 23) and 36.5 6 1.1 h (n 5 13) for natural oestrus of nulliparous and multiparous goats, respectively. The onset of oestrus to first ovulation interval was not influenced by parity, but an interval of 8.0 6 1.6 h was observed between the first and second ovulations in polyovulatory oestrus. Consequently, nulliparous goats that are predominantly monovular ovulate earlier than multiparous goats that are predominantly polyovulatory. In conclusion, significant differences occurred in the number and time of ovulations between nulliparous and multiparous goats. More research is necessary for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms regulating monovularory and polyovulatory oestrous cycles regarding the parity of goats.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) powder and vitamin E, as feed additives combined at different levels, on oxidative stability of broiler meat up to 14th day after chilling. A total of 270 1‐day‐old male chicks of Ross 308 strain were randomly assigned to nine dietary groups with three replicates having 10 birds each. Diets were supplemented with 0, 0.5, or 1.0% of rosemary (R) powder and 0, 100, or 200 mg/kg of vitamin E (alpha‐tocopherol acetate; VitE) according to the following treatments: T1 – control basal diet (0R + 0VitE); T2 – 0R + 100VitE; T3 – 0R + 200VitE; T4 – 0.5R + 0VitE; T5 – 0.5R + 100VitE; T6 – 0.5R + 200VitE; T7 – 1.0R + 0VitE; T8 – 1.0R + 100VitE; and T9 – 1.0R + 200VitE. At day 42, two birds of each replicate were slaughtered and the length and weight of cecum was recorded. Carcasses and their economically valuable parts were also weighted and broiler breast refrigerated at 4°C for 14 days. At day 0, 4, 7, and 14 of storage the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of breast meat was evaluated. After 4 days of storage, meat MDA contents of the T5 (0.43 mg/kg) and T9 (0.41 mg/kg) were lower than control group (T1: 0.55 mg/kg; p < .05). On day 7, groups supplemented with rosemary or VitE alone showed similar MDA contents (p > .05) than control. On day 14, lower (p < .05) MDA contents than T1 were observed in all groups except for broilers fed diet supplemented only with vitamin E. No effects were observed between treatments on the relative weight of the several carcass traits, however, VitE influenced (p < .05) the weight and size of cecum. Based on our findings, the combination of rosemary powder and vitamin E at different levels in diet is useful to limit the lipid oxidation of chilled chicken meat.

Simple SummaryThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of reproductive disorders, parity, and litter size on a 150-day standardized milk yield of the Transmontano ecotype of the Serrana goat breed (a dual purpose breed) over a three decade period. The 150-day standardized milk yield was significantly influenced by all studied factors and their interactions. The milk yield reduction due to reproductive disorders was more intense in primiparous than multiparous goats, and in primiparous or multiparous goats of the Transmontano ecotype presenting multiple fetuses, than in those presenting singletons. This milk production pattern proves that the lactation following abortion is viable for production purposes and an improvement of production system management can play an important role in mitigating milk yield losses.AbstractSeveral reproductive factors may affect milk yield in goats. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of reproductive disorders, parity, and litter size, and their interactions on the 150-day standardized milk yield (SMY150) of low-producing dairy goats extensively raised. A total of 148,084 lactations between 1993 and 2015 were obtained from data of the Genpro pedigree records of the Transmontano ecotype of Serrana goat breed. The presence or absence of reproductive disorders (RD) from late (>half) pregnancy (abortions followed by lactation) or at kidding, number of fetuses (single vs. multiple), and parity (primiparous vs. multiparous) of the Transmontano ecotype of Serrana goat were used as fixed effects to fit a general linear model for a SMY150 output. A significant effect (p < 0.001) of all factors on SMY150, as well as three-way interactions, were observed. The SMY150 reduction subsequent to RD was 3.7% for multiparous and 9.6% for primiparous goats carrying singletons, and 14.1% for multiparous and 18.8% primiparous goats carrying multiple fetuses. It was concluded that a new lactation following abortion occurrence is viable for production purpose in low-producing dairy goats under pastoralism. Nevertheless, the impact of RD on SMY150 varied according to the number of fetuses and the parity of the Transmontano ecotype of Serrana goats. This information should be used in decision-making practices regarding reproductive and herd health management.