A non-consensual diagnosis BACKGROUND:The notion of excessive or uncontrolled sexual behavior dates back to the early references of "hyperesthesia" by Krafft-Ebing's works at the end of the 19th century and also references like nymphomania, satyriasis or Don Juanism . Since then, there's been much debate as to whether sexual behavior that is out of control could be best regarded as a compulsive behavior, an addiction, an impulse control disorder or a sexual desire dysregulation and, obviously, each label is based on a particular etiology and treatment idea. 1
▼ Emil Kraepelin's (1856Kraepelin's ( -1926 appreciation for mental health investigation through empiric evidence made a vital contribution to modern Psychiatry. ▼ Kraepelin had its research focus on the description of the course and outcome of several major psychiatric disorders.
Bariatric surgery is a therapeutic option to treat obesity in (carefully selected) patients with psychiatric disorders. About half of the patients referred for bariatric surgery have a diagnosis of (at least one) mental disorder and most of them are treated with psychotropic drugs. This procedure may modify the bioavailability of drugs and lithium is no exception. However, although absorption seems to decrease in most drugs, in the case of lithium, there is a high risk of toxicity. In this article, we describe the case of a 44-year-old female patient with lithium intoxication after bariatric surgery. We conducted a review of the published clinical cases in the scientific literature about lithium toxicity after bariatric surgery, and we propose potential preventive clinical solutions. It is essential to increase awareness of changes to the absorption of psychotropic drugs in the post-surgery period, particularly in the case of lithium. Regular postoperative clinical and laboratory monitoring of lithium serum levels is strongly recommended.
Negative symptoms reflect a currently much-untreated loss of normal functioning and are frequently found in psychotic disorders. We present the first translation of the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) to European Portuguese and evaluate its validity in a sample of Portuguese male patients with a psychotic spectrum disorder. The Portuguese BNSS showed excellent internal consistency, high convergent validity (i.e., strong correlation with the PANSS negative factor), and high discriminant validity (i.e., a lack of association with the PANSS positive factor). In sum, the present European Portuguese BNSS has shown to be reliable, thus extending this instrument’s clinical availability worldwide.
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