Objective: To investigate the impact of variant histologies (VH) of urothelial carcinoma (UC) on survival outcomes after radical cystectomy (RC). Materials and methods: Data from 181 patients with UC treated with RC between January 2013 and December 2019 at a single tertiary care referral center were retrospectively accessed. All RC specimens were assigned by genitourinary dedicated pathologists. Overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier methodology and the Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Of 181 patients, 43.1% (n = 78) had VH, with the most common being squamous differentiation (n = 29), followed by mixed variants (n = 18), micropapillary variant (n = 10) and other subtypes (n = 21). The median (range) follow-up was 35 (18-59) months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis shows that median OS and DS were significantly worse for VH patients (78 vs 31 months, p = 0.038; not reached vs 42 months; p = 0.016). At 5 years, VH was associated with a 12% and 14% decrease in OS and DSS, respectively. No significant statistical difference between the two groups was reached regarding RFS. However, after adjusting for confounders, such as, demographics characteristics, comorbidities and pathological features, VH were not associated with any survival outcomes. Conclusions: Our study evidenced the high incidence of bladder cancers with VH. Although clearly associated with features of more aggressive behavior, VH had not any significant impact in survival expectancies when all confounders are adjusted in multivariate analyses.

Frailty represents one of the most relevant geriatric syndromes in the 21st century and is a predictor of adverse outcomes in hospitalized older adult, such as, functional decline (FD). This study aimed to examine if frailty, evaluated with the Frailty Index (FI), can predict FD during and after hospitalization (3 and 6 months). Secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study of 101 hospitalized older adults was performed. The primary outcome was FD at discharge, 3 and 6 months. The FI was created from an original database using 40 health deficits. Functional decline models for each time-point were examined using a binary logistic regression. The prevalence of frailty was 57.4% with an average score of 0.25 (±0.11). Frail patients had significant and higher values for functional decline and social support for all time periods and more hospital readmission in the 3 month period. Multivariable regression analysis showed that FI was a predictor of functional decline at discharge (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02–1.14) and 3-month (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.01–1.09) but not 6-month (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.99–1.09) follow-up. Findings suggest that frailty at admission of hospitalized older adults can predict functional decline at discharge and 3 months post-discharge.

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