Conformational restrictions in the form of [i, i + 4] lactam bridges were sequentially incorporated into the shortest fragment of hPTH with recognized efficacy in the OVX rat model of osteoporosis, hPTH-(1-31)NH 2 (1). Cyclo(Lys 18 -Asp 22 )[Ala 1 ,Nle 8 ,Lys 18 ,Asp 22 ,Leu 27 ]hPTH(1-31)NH 2 (2) is a potent agonist of the PTH/PTHrP receptor located on the surface of ROS 17/2.8 cells as measured by its ability to stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity (EC 50 ) 0.29 nM). A second analogue, which constrains the entire C-terminal receptor binding domain, bicyclo(Lys 18 -Asp 22 ,Lys 26 -Asp 30 )[Ala 1 ,Nle 8 ,Lys 18 ,Asp 22 ,Leu 27 ] hPTH(1-31)NH 2 ( 6), is also shown to be a potent agonist (EC 50 ) 0.13 nM), thus providing further evidence for an extended helix as the relevant bioactive conformation in this region of the hormone. Adjacent lactam bridges were incorporated into the analogue bicyclo(Lys 13 -Asp 17 ,Lys 18 -Asp 22 )[Ala 1 ,Nle 8 ,Lys 18 ,Asp 17,22 ,Leu 27 ]hPTH(1-31)NH 2 (7) to evaluate the receptor's tolerance to conformational restriction in the midregion of the peptide. In fact, peptide 7 is also a highly potent agonist (EC 50 ) 0.43 nM) in the cAMP-based assay, which suggests that at least one bioactive form of the hormone requires a helical conformation extending from residue 13 to residue 22. Incorporation of all three lactam bridges afforded the most conformationally constrained PTH peptide agonist yet reported, tricyclo(Lys 13 -Asp 17 ,Lys 18 -Asp 22 ,Lys 26 -Asp 30 )[Ala 1 ,Nle 8 ,Lys 18 ,Asp 17,22 ,Leu 27 ]hPTH(1-31)NH 2 (9). Peptide 9 (EC 50 ) 0.14 nM) forces residues 13-30 into an extended helical conformation and is a more potent PTH receptor agonist than the parent linear hPTH(1-31)NH 2 (1, EC 50 ) 4.7 nM). Comparative circular dichroism studies indicate that peptide 9 is highly helical even in the absence of TFE, indicating that residues 1-12 are also likely to be helical in the bioactive conformation. Taken together, these results provide strong structural evidence that hPTH binds to its receptor in an extended helical conformation.

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Interleukin-1 (IL-1) treatment of synovial cells from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients resulted in a dose-dependent secretion of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). IL-1 also stimulated prostaglandin E2 and plasminogen activator synthesis, in parallel with PLA2 activation; all 3 were detectable within 6 hours of IL-1 treatment and peaked by 24 hours. Synovial cell PLA2 required calcium (5 mM) and a neutral pH (7.5) for maximal activity and appears similar to the PLA2 in synovial fluid, which has been described previously. We conclude that PLA2 can be induced by IL-1, and its secretion may contribute significantly to the inflammatory actions of IL-1.

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