Socio-economic change, severe droughts, and environmental concerns focus attention on sustainability of water supplies and the ability of water utilities to meet levels of service. Traditionally, water management has been supply-side dominated and long-term demand forecasting has received relatively little attention. However, it is increasingly recognised that water demand management could be a 'low regret' adaptation measure (both financially and environmentally) given large uncertainties about future non-climate and climate pressures. This paper begins with a brief history of household water demand management in the UK. We then review approaches to water demand estimation and forecasting over the short-(daily to season) and long-term (years to decade) and note the paucity of studies on weather and climate. We discuss peak household water use behaviours identified from metering trials, micro-component diary-based studies, and statistical techniques for long-term demand forecasting. We refer to the Anglian Water Services (AWS) 'Golden 100' data to illustrate the significant practical and conceptual issues faced when mining household water use data for weather signals, especially when the data are noisy and originally intended for other applications. Further research is needed into the relationships between climate variables and household micro-component water use, especially for peak demands.

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These studies measured selective exposure to information by "open-" and "closed-minded" subjects within a consistency perspective, using an eye camera to record actual exposure behaviors on discrepant, supportive, and balanced materials, presented simultaneously. Arousal (taken as an indicator of stress) of the subjects during exposure to each of the types of stimulus materials was measured through use of galvanic skin response equipment. These procedures were selected to overcome some of the principal questions about validity raised in regard to conventional methods in information selection studies.Among the major criticisms of information selection studies are (1) that they often have not measured seeking or avoiding behaviors, but rather interest in certain types of materials [21], and ( 2 ) that, although much of the research has been guided by a consistency perspective, there is usually no measurement of the amount of dissonance or stress produced by stimulus materials [ 1, 5, 10,221. This paper reports alternatives to the methods presently used in such studies. It is based on two studies exploring uses of psychophysiological equipment to investigate selective exposure and is intended primarily to suggest other approaches to the study not only of selective exposure but also of other areas of information pr0cessing.l Lewis Donohew (Ph.D., University of Iowa, 1965) is Professor in the School of Communications at the University of Kentucky. Joanne Parker (M.A., University of Kentucky, 1969) is Director of the Division of Education in the Lexington-Fayette County Health Department. \'irginia McDermott (M.A., University of Kentucky, 1969) is a doctoral student in Communication at Michigan State University.The authors acknowledge the support of the University of Kentucky's Major Research Equipment Fund in providing funds for the equipment used in these studies. They also wish to thank Robert Murphy, Director of the School of Communications, for his advice and help. lHowever, the principal study results-derived from small samples and non-parametric correlation analysis-are consistent with those from a larger