Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 Multifactorial fall prevention intervention including: home hazard assessment and modification; medication review, bone and health assessment and exercise program, versus control, Outcome 1 Falls.. . .
There was substantial unexplained variation at the household level but we could find no evidence of postcode unit variation and no association with residential environmental quality or geographical accessibility. It is likely that the psychosocial environment is more important than the physical environment in relation to common mental disorder.
This paper presents a case study of a neighbourhood low carbon energy system designed for five off-gas rural dwellings in the UK. The employment of the neighbourhood system aims to improve energy efficiency of the whole site, reduce dependency on heating oil or LPG for off-gas houses, maximize renewable energy usage on site, and minimize fuel poverty through affordable investments. System design is discussed and built on site survey, ongoing monitoring and validated modelling. Simulation is carried out in dynamic model HTB2. A ROI analysis is used to examine the long-term cost-effectiveness, taking into account any maintenance and replacement cost, degradation of system performance and discounting of money over time. The neighbourhood system scenario is compared with an alternative scenario of separate systems for individual houses, in terms of energy reduction, energy self-sufficiency, CO2 reduction and pay-back time. The simulation results indicate the designed optimal neighbourhood system can achieve similar self-sufficiency as that of a separate system scenario, with more than 70% of its electricity demand met by onsite electricity production. Both the neighbourhood system approach and the separate one can achieve carbon negative for the whole site, with the former contributing to 31% more carbon reduction than the latter. The neighbourhood system can be paid back within its lifespan, while the separate system approach can't. The payback time of the neighbourhood system can be reduced to 14 years if traditional bolt on PV system is used instead of building integrated PV. The outcome of the research demonstrated the affordability and replicability of the neighbourhood low carbon energy system, which can decrease fuel poverty, and meet government targets for CO2 reduction.
To understand and facilitate modal shift to more sustainable modes of transport, there is a need to model accessibility and connectivity at an urban scale using data collection and modelling procedures that require less data and specialist input than traditional transport models. The research described in this paper uses spatial analysis modelling procedures based on space syntax to investigate the potential to model aggregate traffic flows at an urban scale. The research has demonstrated that space syntax modelling is an effective means of representing an urban scale motor traffic network; however, modifications to the original model were required to achieve a correlation between modelled and measured motor traffic flow comparable to other modelling procedures. Weighting methods were tested with ‘boundary weighting’ found to be effective at representing traffic crossing the boundary of an isolated urban sub-area, but not so effective at an urban scale. ‘Road weighting’ was found to be effective in improving model performance by representing traffic flows along routes according to a national classification scheme. The modelling approach has the potential to be extremely useful at an early planning stage to represent changes to flows across the network and to be useful for different modes.
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