IntroductionChildren with congenital hemiplegia often present with limitations in using their impaired upper limb which impacts on independence in activities of daily living, societal participation and quality of life. Traditional therapy has adopted a bimanual training approach (BIM) and more recently, modified constraint induced movement therapy (mCIMT) has emerged as a promising unimanual approach. Evidence of enhanced neuroplasticity following mCIMT suggests that the sequential application of mCIMT followed by bimanual training may optimise outcomes (Hybrid CIMT). It remains unclear whether more intensely delivered group based interventions (hCIMT) are superior to distributed models of individualised therapy. This study aims to determine the optimal density of upper limb training for children with congenital hemiplegia.Methods and analysesA total of 50 children (25 in each group) with congenital hemiplegia will be recruited to participate in this randomized comparison trial. Children will be matched in pairs at baseline and randomly allocated to receive an intensive block group hybrid model of combined mCIMT followed by intensive bimanual training delivered in a day camp model (COMBiT; total dose 45 hours direct, 10 hours of indirect therapy), or a distributed model of standard occupational therapy and physiotherapy care (SC) over 12 weeks (total 45 hours direct and indirect therapy). Outcomes will be assessed at 13 weeks after commencement, and retention of effects tested at 26 weeks. The primary outcomes will be bimanual coordination and unimanual upper-limb capacity. Secondary outcomes will be participation and quality of life. Advanced brain imaging will assess neurovascular changes in response to treatment. Analysis will follow standard principles for RCTs, using two-group comparisons on all participants on an intention-to-treat basis. Comparisons will be between treatment groups using generalized linear models.Trial registrationACTRN12613000181707

To investigate the role of radioactive iodine (RAI) in the onset and progression of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Forty-six Graves' disease patients with mild or no ophthalmopathy were prospectively treated with carbimazole (CBZ) (n = 22) or RAI (n = 24). Treatment effects were evaluated clinically over 12 months, and with orbital MRI-measured extra-ocular muscle (EOM) volumes at baseline and at 6 months. The diagnosis of TAO was based on the clinical activity score (CAS) system. There were 11/22 CBZ and 10/24 RAI patients with active ophthalmopathy at baseline. Despite greater mean TSH levels post-RAI (P = 0.003), there was no increase in the likelihood of developing active ophthalmopathy (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.56-1.61, P = 0.9) or EOM dysfunction (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.26-1.06, P = 0.074). The increased mean palpebral aperture post-RAI (P = 0.023) and greater mean proptosis in the CBZ group (P = 0.005) were not confirmed when the absolute values of these measurements were examined. There was no association between the treatment received and MRI-measured EOM volumes. In this study, RAI therapy for Graves' disease did not increase the risk of progression or development of ophthalmopathy in patients with mild or no eye disease at baseline.

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