This article presents the research on time accessibility of public transport. The study concerned the territory
of Szczecin and travelling from anywhere in the city to the Main Railway Station. A self-gathering measurement data
method was used, which was developed by Authors in earlier studies. Szczecin was selected as the test area because of
the shape of the city as well as the location and shape of the excluded areas (areas not accessible to pedestrians or
cyclists). Two travel maps were created, for daytime and nighttime public transportation.
The study used 162 measurement points arranged in 1x1 km grids. Travel times to the Main Railway Station were calculated
with the use of the jakdojade.pl online service. They were calculated for each measurement point and these values
were then interpolated with the IDW method.
The travel time maps were evaluated by computing the absolute error on the basis of 10 control points. The absolute error
was not greater than 4 minutes, what proves very good accuracy of research.
The results of the analysis were compared with the population distribution in Szczecin. The interdependence of population
distribution and accessibility of the Main Railway Station was analysed.
Piptoporus betulinus is a fungus known for its medicinal properties. It possesses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activity. In this study, several tests were performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of Piptoporus betulinus on two melanoma human cell lines, WM115 primary and A375 metastatic cell lines, as well as Hs27 human skin fibroblasts. The extract proved to affect cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, and at the same time showed a low cytotoxicity towards the normal cells. The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined spectrophotometrically by the Folin-Ciocalteu method (F-C), and the potential antioxidant activity was measured by ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. One of the active compounds in the extract is betulin. It was isolated and then its cytotoxic activity was compared to the results obtained from the Piptoporus betulinus extract. To further understand the mechanism of action of the extract’s anticancer activity, tests on model cell membranes were conducted. A model membrane of a melanoma cell was designed and consisted of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, disialoganglioside-GD1a and cholesterol: DMPC:GD1a:chol (5:2:3 mole ratio). Changes in a Langmuir monolayer were observed and described based on Π-Amol isotherm and compressibility modulus changes. LB lipid bilayers were deposited on a hydrophilic gold substrate and analyzed by IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our study provides new data on the effect of Piptoporus betulinus extract on melanoma cells and its impact on the model of melanoma plasma membranes.
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