The main goal of this paper is to present and analyze approaches for sustainable urban mobility in Poznan and Oslo. The topic of sustainable urban transport as well as green mobility is currently important from formal perspectives, due to European regulations, and because of ecological conditions and resulting climate changes. The research methodology implemented includes analysis of the literature on the research subject; analysis of EU documents and national policies with respect to financing and development of sustainable urban transport (SUT); development of a questionnaire on SUT in Oslo and Poznan, using the questionnaire to collect opinions on SUTs in Oslo and Poznan, and analyzing respondents’ answers, defining recommendations concerning future activities for urban sustainability in the surveyed cities. The authors provide a review of the actual sustainable urban mobility situations in Oslo and Poznan, compare government support and sources of funding, identify gaps in terms of EU requirements, and try to compare the residents’ expectations with the city’s activities in the field of sustainable transport development. The research group includes students residing in both cities. The group constitutes 10–20% of the total number of inhabitants in cities being the subject of research. The empirical part investigates what their preferences are regarding the use of public transport in the context of sustainable development. On the basis of the conducted research, it can be stated that a sustainable urban mobility is one of the key development directions in Poland and Norway. The respondents see opportunities for developing green mobility in their cities as well as municipalities and the national government encouraging a sustainable urban transport. The implementation of the principles of sustainable development and reconstruction of city development strategy can be achieved by the cooperation of all stakeholders (namely: national government, municipalities, public transport providers, city residents).
Studies on the influence of COVID-19 on municipalities are scarce, although it was precisely municipalities that stood in the first line of combat. It is important to estimate the negative budgetary consequences of the crisis for municipalities and to detect potential patterns in the application of their anti-crisis financial instruments. Our study reveals that the initial response of Polish municipalities to the pandemic crisis in this area varied depending on their administrative type, the amount of current income per capita and the population size. However, the correlations between the applied income instruments and expenditures and the above factors were rather weak.
The article presents selected issues related to the digital transformation of Poland from the perspective of local government. It poses the following questions: How should we understand the digital transformation in general and the digital transformation of local government? Why should local government choose this path for transformation and what impact does it have? The article uses the method of analysis and criticism of the literature. The conclusions drawn from the research are as follows: the digital transformation of local government is the entirety of the changes taking place in it in terms of the services, processes, resources, organizational culture and competences using digital technologies. The purpose of these changes is to improve the quality of life and achieve the goals of sustainable development. Each local government unit must enter the path of digital transformation. It is an objective of necessity resulting mainly from social needs (expectations) for which the local government has been appointed. These needs can be divided into several categories. Residents require easier shopping and handling of administrative matters, as well as access to information and efficient communication. They also report the need for improving the conditions of work, maintaining employment, and accessing professional development. The expectation of reduced social inequalities remains valid. Residents and entrepreneurs expect Internet access and free mobility, and the latter also require support in optimizing business processes. In the conditions of developing the digital economy, we also expect the creation of an efficient system of warnings about threats and ensuring safety on the Internet. All aspects cause changes in the economy and the financing of local government. These mainly concern its functions and scope of performed tasks, the how social needs are satisfied and the tools used.
Although cybersecurity is an important and complex issue that should be addressed by all government levels, so far little research has been devoted to cybersecurity at the local level. Existing literature lacks information on whether municipalities have implemented cybersecurity policies, if such policies are applied in practice and what they encompass. A CAWI method was used to collect the required data. The results indicate that while most municipalities have a document defining their security policy, they do not always apply it in practice. There is still little awareness regarding countering cyber-attacks. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on such issues as: integrating cybersecurity policies into local government management, the rising threat of cyber-attacks, consultations with security auditors, and cybersecurity management training. Based on all Polish municipalities, the research described in this paper partly fills the identified gap.
Polish municipalities’ response to the first wave of the COVID -19 crisis Purpose: The purpose of this chapter is to identify the initial responses of municipalities to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: The research questions posed were: What types of budgetary instruments were used by municipalities during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland? What was the scale of the loss of their current revenues and what was the amount of expenditures related to countering COVID-19? What were the sources of funding for these expenditures? Findings: Municipalities were, by necessity, on the front line of the fight against the effects of the pandemic. They used the available budgetary instruments (local taxes and fees, property revenues, budgetary expenditures) to limit the spread of the virus and reduce its negative consequences. These actions were not coordinated. The study revealed that revenue losses and expenditure increases due to COVID-19 were not as large as expected. Originality and value: The research in this chapter demonstrates that municipalities in Poland used different approaches to develop and implement policies to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigate its effects. The research shows that Polish municipalities played a leading role in the rapid response to the pandemic, although their actions varied and were uncoordinated.
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Tematem monografii są warunki, bariery, źródła finansowania oraz przejawy transformacji cyfrowej gmin. Jej celem jest diagnoza wykorzystywania przez gminy nowych technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych, a tym samym ich przygotowania do funkcjonowania w gospodarce 4.0. Gospodarka 4.0 to gospodarka ogromnych ilości danych, które są gromadzone, przetwarzane, analizowane i archiwizowane za pomocą coraz nowszych technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych. Szybki rozwój tych technologii wymusił konieczność przystosowania się różnych podmiotów do funkcjonowania w nowych realiach. Na ścieżkę transformacji cyfrowej wstępują nie tylko przedsiębiorstwa, instytucje finansowe, gospodarstwa domowe, ale też organy władzy i administracji publicznej (na przykład gminy). Dotyczy ona zasobów, usług, procesów, kultury organizacyjnej oraz kompetencji, a służy podnoszeniu jakości usług publicznych, usprawnieniu pracy urzędu, wsparciu procesów podejmowania decyzji, zwiększeniu przejrzystości działania gmin, angażowaniu mieszkańców w życie wspólnoty lokalnej, samorządowej oraz dążeniu do zrównoważonego rozwoju. Różny jest stopień dotychczasowej transformacji cyfrowej gmin. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że jednostkami najlepiej przygotowanymi do funkcjonowania w gospodarce 4.0 są miasta na prawach powiatu. Jednak w każdej kategorii gmin znajdują się takie, które aktywnie poszukują możliwości zastosowania technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych do świadczenia usług, choć napotykają bariery finansowe, społeczno-kulturowe, technologiczne i organizacyjne.
The aim of this article is to diagnose the situation of electromobility in local government units of Polish municipalities. Besides the main features of the communes, the issue of type of strategy that is being built was raised, what are the trends in this respect, and how public transport fits into them? The empirical basis was a survey conducted in 2020 using the CAWI (computer assisted web interview) method, covering all 2477 communes in Poland. Responses were received from 2230 municipalities (90% response rate). Based on the statistical analysis, the main conclusion is that rural communes are less willing to implement the electromobility strategy, but if they decide to do so, they develop long-term strategies. Another conclusion is that the amount of budget revenue per capita does not affect decisions on building an electromobility strategy. Also, a general tendency in Poland is an increase in the propensity to invest in electromobility, mainly in infrastructure for users, compared to public transport and electric buses. The main implication of the study is that Polish public authorities now have background information regarding the theme that can be useful in developing guidelines for local electromobility strategy implementation.
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