The institution of the president exists in the majority of the countries of the western world.Depending on the prerogatives granted by the constitution, the president may performeither a representative function or have the real power. No matter what the role of thepresident is, the position is deeply embedded in the political system, and the constitutional law as well as political practice specify its scope of competencies and capabilities.When we go beyond the Euro-Atlantic area, we can also find the states where an officeof president is run. While its formation, Asian, African and South American societies,consciously or not, usually emulated the Euro-Atlantic experiences. In general, historicalbackground of the non-European states, however, makes the history of the presidentialoffice shorter, and the introduction of this position was often a result of violent sociopolitical changes. What often distinguishes the presidencies of the African and Asiancountries from the Euro-Atlantic ones is their instability – in running this office a lotdepends on the personality traits of the person holding it as well as on the tradition (orlack thereof) of strong central governance. On that premise, the presidency history ofa non-European state, i.e. Afghanistan can be presented. This is an interesting case sincethe above mentioned factors are clearly visible in here, and the state’s internal politicalsituation is unstable. In addition, as the international forces are supposed to be withdrawnfrom the country until the end of 2014, the president may then become the main bodyformulating public policy and, thus, shaping the future of Afghanistan.
For many decades Iran was a goal of economic emigration for Afghans. They could earn there a money to provide for their families at home. Since the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1979 Iran also became a place of refuge for some 3 million Afghans. Their situation was changing according to the changes in internal and international position of Iran. Sometimes the Iranian authorities were sympathetic, other time were fiercely unsympathetic and keen to remove the Afghan “guests”. So, the Afghans in Iran could not be sure how long they would be allowed to stay there if the Iranians would be willing to support them and if they would have a work to provide for their families. This state of uncertainty of the Afghan community there was worsened by an outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Bothe the Iranian and Afghan health care are unable to effectively deal with the problem. And an economic collapse in Iran affected primarily the foreigners there of whatever stance, in this particular case the Afghans.
The fall of the Soviet Bloc started the process of change in global power relations. The existing two powers model was replaced by a new order. Only USA kept their dominating position. Russia was severely weakened and position of countries such as China and Brazil, as well as that of organizations such as European Union, grew stronger. India is also considered a country that can in near future become one of the countries that decide the fates of the World. This fact leads to the question whether in foreseeable future India will become a power and enter the elite group of states that dominate in international affairs. The questions is even more interesting as until recently the attention of media and scientist was concentrated on China as future power. These are the reason why analysis of all the factors that can decide the fate of international position of India is of tremendous importance.
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