Titanium Grade 4 (Ti G4) is the most commonly used material for dental implants due to its excellent mechanical properties, chemical stability and biocompatibility. A thin, self-passive oxide layer with protective properties to corrosion is formed on its surface. However, the spontaneous TiO2 layer is chemically unstable. In this work, the impact of autoclaving time on corrosion resistance of Ti G4 in artificial saliva solution with pH = 7.4 at 37 °C was studied. Ti G4 was sandblasted with white Al2O3 particles and autoclaved for 30–120 min. SEM, EDS, 2D roughness profiles, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and a Kelvin scanning probe were used for the surface characterization of the Ti G4 under study. In vitro corrosion resistance tests were conducted using open circuit potential, polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. It was found that Sa parameter, electron work function, and thickness of the oxide layers, determined based on impedance measurements, increased after autoclaving. The capacitive behavior and high corrosion resistance of tested materials were revealed. The improvement in the corrosion resistance after autoclaving was due to the presence of oxide layers with high chemical stability. The optimal Ti G4 surface for dentistry can be obtained by sandblasting with Al2O3 with an average grain size of 53 µm, followed by autoclaving for 90 min.
This work concerns the development of a method of functionalization of the surface of the biomedical Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy by producing oxide nanotubes (ONTs) with drug-eluting properties. Shaping of the morphology, microstructure, and thickness of the oxide layer was carried out by anodization in an aqueous solution of 1 M ethylene glycol with the addition of 0.2 M NH4F in the voltage range 5–100 V for 15–60 min at room temperature. The characterization of the physicochemical properties of the obtained ONTs was performed using SEM, XPS, and EDAX methods. ONTs have been shown to be composed mainly of TiO2, Al2O3, and Nb2O5. Single-walled ONTs with the largest specific surface area of 600 cm2 cm−2 can be obtained by anodization at 50 V for 60 min. The mechanism of ONT formation on the Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy was studied in detail. Gentamicin sulfate loaded into ONTs was studied using FTIR, TG, DTA, and DTG methods. Drug release kinetics was determined by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The obtained ONTs can be proposed for use in modern implantology as carriers for drugs delivered locally in inflammatory conditions.
Selective laser melting technology makes it possible to produce 3D cellular lattice structures with controlled porosity. The paper reflects to machining and examination of structures with predefined distribution, shape and size of the pores. In the study, the porous structures of Ti6Al4V were investigated. The tests were carried out using structures of spatial architecture of Schwarz D TPMS geometry with a total porosity of 60% and 80% and various pore sizes. Dimensional accuracy of additively manufactured structures was measured in relation to the 3D model. Geometry of the final structure differed from the CAD model in the range ± 0.3 mm. The surface morphology and porosity of the solid struts were also checked. The mechanical properties of the structures were determined in a static compression test.
Abstract. Construction of metallic implants with a porous structure that mimics the biomechanical properties of bone is one of the challenges of orthopedic regenerative medicine. The selective laser sintering technique (SLS) allows the production of complex geometries based on three-dimensional model, which offers the prospect of preparing porous metal implants, in which stiffness and porosity can be precisely adjusted to the individual needs of the patient. This requires an interdisciplinary approach to design, manufacturing and testing of porous structures manufactured by selective sintering. An important link in this process is the ability to assess the surface topography of the struts of porous structure. The paper presents a qualitative assessment of the surface morphology based on SEM studies and methodology that allows for quantitative assessment of stereometric structure based on micro-tomographic measurements.Key words: metal porous implant, selective laser sintering, surface roughness, X-ray microtomography.Morphology and surface topography of Ti6Al4V lattice structure fabricated by selective laser sintering tain an implant with a defined pore structure. An alternative to traditional methods of manufacturing metallic porous material is rapid prototyping by selective laser sintering (SLS) or selective electron beam melting (EBM). The ability to produce complex geometric shapes based on three-dimensional CAD model allows for precise control of not only the product geometry itself, but also of shape, size and distribution of pores in the proposed structure.Taking into account requirements set for porous medical implants, design, manufacturing and testing of porous structures manufactured by SLS require an interdisciplinary approach. An important role in this process is played, among other things, by verification of the accuracy of the porous implant 3d geometry and the evaluation of the surface topography of the struts. Nowadays a large number of instruments for measuring surface roughness is available [12]. Most often they operate on the basis of the profile method. Data is collected based on the points arranged in a line or based on image registration from different positions. The choice of specific method is determined by the purpose and conditions of measurement [13,14]. The measurement of surface roughness inside the porous structures manufactured by selective laser sintering is practically not achievable (without destroying the object) by conventional methods. An alternative is constituted by x-ray microtomography. The authors' [15, 16] work studies have shown that in case of a relatively large surface roughness (micro-scale) a comparable, or even better accuracy can be achieved using the mentioned method than with conventional measuring methods. For the measurements of small surface roughness (sub-micronscale) limitation may constitute spatial resolution of the images and noise. The aim of this study is to investigate the morphology and the surface topography of the Ti6Al4V porous structure produc...
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