Interspecific hybridization is an important process through which abrupt speciation can occur. In recent years, genetic changes associated with hybrid speciation have been identified through a variety of techniques, including AFLP/SSR mapping, GISH/FISH and cDNA-AFLP differential display. However, progress in using microarray technology to analyse whole genome/transcriptome changes associated with hybrid speciation has been limited due to the lack of extensive sequence data for many hybrid species and the difficulties in extrapolating results from commercially available microarrays for model species onto nonmodel hybrid taxa. Increasingly therefore researchers studying nonmodel systems are turning to the development of 'anonymous' cDNA microarrays, where the time and cost of producing microarrays is reduced by printing unsequenced cDNA clones, and sequencing only those clones that display interesting expression patterns. Here we describe the creation, testing and preliminary use of anonymous cDNA microarrays to study changes in floral transcriptome associated with allopolyploid speciation in the genus Senecio. We report a comparison of gene expression between the allohexaploid hybrid, Senecio cambrensis, its parental taxa Senecio squalidus (diploid) and Senecio vulgaris (tetraploid), and the intermediate triploid (sterile) hybrid Senecioxbaxteri. Anonymous microarray analysis revealed dramatic differences in floral gene expression between these four taxa and demonstrates the power of this technique for studies of the genetic impact of hybridization in nonmodel flowering plants.
The reovirus-like particles present in the feces of young pigs and foals with acute enteritis and the virus causing epizootic diarrhea of infant mice were found to be indistinguishable morphologically from each other, from the South African SA. 11 and "O" viruses, and from the rotaviruses of children and calves. The inner capsid layer of each of these viruses reacted seriologically with sera of children, calves, mice, piglets, and foals convalescent from infection with their respective rotaviruses. These sera reacted by immunofluorescence with human, bovine, porcine, and murine rotaviruses, SA.11, and "O" viruses in tissue cultures and with human bovine, procine, nad murine viral antigens by complement fixation and gel diffusion. However, the antisera differed in their ability to react serologically with the outer capsid layer of the viruses investigated and in their ability to neutralize tissue culture-adapted calf virus. These two tests may demonstrate strain or host specificity among rotaviruses. Since the porcine, murine, and equine viruses are closely related serologically to and are morphologically identical to the human and bovine viruses, they should be included in the group of viruses for which the term "rotavirus" has been suggested. All known members of this proposed group of viruses share a common antigen, probably situated within the inner capsid layer; thus, any one of the viruses may be used for the preparation of antigen or antibody for diagnostic tests, and this will aid in the diagnosis of virus infection in those species from which a rotavirus has not been cultured.
, attempts were made to isolate naturally-occurring pig rotaviruses. This paper describes the isolation of pig rotaviruses from outbreaks of diarrhoea in both weaned and unweaned piglets and the antigenic relation between human, calf and pig rotaviruses passed in pigs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Source of virus.Two herds with a history of piglet diarrhoea were studied. One was a minimal-disease herd (MD), formed by the purchase of breeding stock bred from caesareanderived animals, and the other was a conventional pig herd. One isolate, no. SW1/2, was obtained from diarrhoeic material of 4-week-old, weaned pigs in the MD herd. Diarrhoea began in the majority of a group of 45 pigs 4-5 days after weaning. Four of the 45 pigs died.The other isolate, no. SW20/21, was obtained by pooling diarrhoeic material from two pigs of a group of 40 from the conventional herd. Three of the 40 pigs died, and at necropsy Escherichia coli, strain Abbotstown, was isolated from the jejunum of one of them in pure and profuse culture; the other two pigs did not yield haemolytic E. coli.Virus studies were made in outbreaks of diarrhoea on 23 farms.Animal inoculation. Preparations no. SW1/2 and no. SW20/21 were shown to contain rotavirus particles by electron microscopy (EM). They were passed through 0.45 pm
Examination by electron microscopy of faeces from two separate cases of young cats with diarrhoea revealed the presence of 28 nm viral particles morphologically consistent with an astrovirus. No visible cytopathic effect was observed when the virus was inoculated into a feline kidney cell culture.
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