The aim of the article has been to show examples of words with a negative emotional charge – vulgarisms – appearing in the language of the characters in the novel Wzgórze psów by Jakub Żulczyk, as well as to determine the functions they perform in this literary text. There is a close relationship between the presented reality, in which violence prevails, and the language that expresses it. It is difficult to determine the direction of these interactions, because both the language of the characters creates the reality and the reality is presented by the use of language. In the context of the presented examples, the violence conveyed in the statements of the majority of characters is worrying. Żulczyk’s prose shows a negative image of the world, and thus exploits the language resources corresponding to this vision, rich in vulgarisms, demoralizing dialogues and even his descriptions of landscapes do not leave room for any hope.
The aim of this article is to illustrate the manner in which the circumstances of the plebiscitein Warmia, Mazury and Powiśle, held in 1920, were interpreted in both memoirs and poetic workswritten by authors who participated in those events, and to refer to their subjective assessmentsbased on their own emotions. The memoirs of Jan Boenigk, Jerzy Kolendo, Michał Lengowski,Anna Łubieńska, Karol Małłek and Adam Uziembło, as well as the poems by Michał Kajka, MichałLengowski, Alojzy Śliwa and Maria Zientara-Malewska are examined. This article uses relevanthistorical sources. The presented examples clearly testify to the affective attitude adopted by theauthors.
Celem artykułu jest zestawienie tekstów literackich napisanych gwarą warmińską lub z wykorzystaniem jej słownictwa, które powstały od końca XIX wieku po czasy współczesne. Zostały one przedstawione na tle historyczno-kulturowym Warmii i w kontekście prowadzonych badań językoznawczych, poczynając od działań Kazimierza Nitscha i Witolda Doroszewskiego, na Marii Biolik kończąc. W zbiorze tekstów, w których pojawiła się gwara warmińska znalazły się bajki, pieśni, przysłowia, legendy, felietony, gawędy, komiks a nawet elementarz. Konkluzją artykułu jest stwierdzenie o zmierzchu gwary warmińskiej, bezpowrotnym jej odejściu z codziennego obiegu i pozostaniu elementem dziedzictwa kulturowego.
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