We found a disparity in access to outpatient specialty care between children with public insurance and those with private insurance. Policy interventions that encourage providers to accept patients with public insurance are needed to improve access to care.

This article examines associations between cumulative adverse financial circumstances and patient health in a sample of 1,506 urban emergency department (ED) patients. Study participants completed a previously validated Social Health Survey between May and October 2009. Five categories of economic deprivation were studied: food insecurity, housing concerns, employment concerns, cost-related medication nonadherence, and cost barriers to accessing physician care. Logistic regression that adjusted for the effects of demographics (age, gender, race, education) tested the association between the cumulative number of adverse financial circumstances (range: 0 to 5) and patients' health status (self-rated health, stress level, depressed mood) and health behaviors (smoking and substance abuse). Approximately 48 percent of respondents reported one or more financial concern, and 31 percent reported two or more financial concerns. A significant graded relationship was found between the number of adverse financial circumstances and patients' poor/fair self-rated health, depressed mood, high stress, smoking, and illicit drug use. Findings suggest that in today's acute health safety net, patients' concerns related to financial insecurity are very relevant to patient health.This underscores the imperative for hospital-based social workers to design models of routine social health risk screening and system interventions that address patient financial well-being in the ED.

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Consistent with Biological Sensitivity to Context and Differential Susceptibility hypotheses, this study found that children who, as infants, were more temperamentally reactive were more sensitive to the quality of childcare they experienced as toddlers, but not to the amount of childcare with peers they had experienced since birth. Children with both highly positively and negatively reactive temperaments were more socially integrated when care quality was higher and less integrated when care quality was lower compared with moderately reactive children. Reactive temperament was not found to moderate relations between care quality or care duration and internalizing or externalizing behavior problems. These findings support the need to consider individual differences among children in evaluating the impacts of childcare.