A series of 4-arylamino-8-(alkyl or aryl)hydrazidepyrimido [5,4-d]pyrimidines was obtained efficiently from 6-carbohydrazonamidepurines by reaction with piperidine. The 6-carbohydrazonamidepurines were generated selectively by the reaction of 6-imidatopurine with hydrazides under acidic conditions. Tuberculosis affects much of the world population and it is estimated that 9.2 million new cases appear each year, from which many lead to death. 1 The emergence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has added urgency to the search for new antitubercular agents 2 and, since the last decade of the 20 th century, the scientific community has undertaken intensive research in this area. 3 Recently, in our research group, the pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines ( Figure 1) were identified as a promising new class of antitubercular agents. 4 The new compounds showed high potency that depends on the substituents R 1 and R 2 . Furthermore, the new compounds have no structural similarity to any other compounds active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and may have a different mechanism of action in relation to drugs currently on the market. Therefore a research program was started in order to develop new methods for the efficient synthesis of new pyrimido [5,4-d]pyrimidines derivatives 3 (Scheme 1) for structureactivity relationship studies. Figure 1 A new class of antitubercular agentsIn the literature, the pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine core structure has been prepared from a substituted pyrimidine, upon reaction with an appropriate electrophile or nucleophile. 5 Amino substituents are usually incorporated into the heteroaromatic ring by nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atoms by amines. 6 The 6-cyanopurines have also been used as precursors of substituted pyrimido [5,4-d]pyrimidines, as the reaction with amines leads to the desired structure by an ANRORC-type mechanism. 7 This approach has been used in our group for the efficient synthesis of compounds 2 (Scheme 1). 4,8-10 According to the literature, structure 2 can be used to generate the aromatic analogue 3 by Dimroth rearrangement, in the presence of acid or base catalysis. 11 Furthermore, our studies on the reactivity of the pyrimidopyrimidine derivatives 2 (R 2 = OBn) have proved that the conversion of 2 (R 2 = OBn) into 3 (R 2 = OBn) occurs efficiently under acid conditions although other products may also be formed (Scheme 1). 10 In the present work, compounds 2 were considered to be convenient precursors of the aromatic pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines 3 (R 2 = NHCOR 3 ).Scheme 1 Synthesis of 2, its conversion into 3 (R 2 = OBn) and attempts to generate new derivatives 3 (R 1 = 4-NCC 6 H 4 , R 2 = NHCOR 3 ).Herein we report our attempts to convert pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine 2 (R 2 = NHCOR 3 ) into 3 (R 2 = NHCOR 3 ) and the new synthetic strategy designed to generate derivatives 3 starting from 6-carbohydrazonamidepurines 4 that have proved to be valuable precursors for the target compounds 3. Compound 2 (R 1 = 4-NCC 6 H ...
A aprendizagem gamificada tem tido um impacto nas ciências humanas, tecnologia ou matemática. Os usuários sentem-se mais envolvidos quando o processo de aprendizagem é gamificado, o que tende a estimulá-los a continuar a aprender e superar as barreiras de aprendizagem. Nas ciências humanas, novas aplicações como o Duolingo, Babbel ou Tandem têm vindo a explorar o processo de aprendizagem de diversos idiomas. Essa tendência foi seguida por aplicativos como o Math Learner, focado na aprendizagem de matemática, Tynker e Kano, focados no ensino de STEM (Ciência, Tecnologia, Ciência e Matemática) para crianças, ou mesmo no Datacamp que, como web app, foi a plataforma líder na aprendizagem de data science para estudantes e profissionais. A realidade virtual também está a abrir um mundo totalmente novo para a experiência de aprendizagem gamificada. Refletiremos sobre a gamificação no processo de aprendizagem, sobretudo de línguas, mas também de STEM e história. Iremos, ainda, abordar as vantagens e desvantagens do ensino híbrido e da sala de aula invertida e o modo como podem ajudar num ambiente de aprendizagem orientado pela tecnologia.
6-Carbohydrazonamidepurines: Convenient Precursors for 4,8-Disubstituted Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines. -The precursors (III) mentioned in the title are prepared from 6-imidatopurines with hydrazides. They undergo piperidine mediated conversion into pyrimidopyrimidine derivatives. -(ROCHA, A.; BACELAR, A. H.; FERNANDES, J.; PROENCA, M. F.; CARVALHO*, M. A.; Synlett 25 (2014) 3, 343-348, http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1340344 ; Dep. Quim., Univ. Minho, P-4710 Braga, Port.; Eng.) -Mais 30-170
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