Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a very prevalent disorder. Here, we aimed to develop and validate a practical questionnaire with yes-or-no answers, and to compare its performance with other well-validated instruments: No-Apnea, STOP-Bang, and NoSAS. Methods: A cross-sectional study containing consecutively selected sleep-lab subjects underwent full polysomnography. A 4-item model, named GOAL questionnaire (gender, obesity, age, and loud snoring), was developed and subsequently validated, with item-scoring of 0-4 points (≥2 points indicating high risk for OSA). Discrimination was assessed by area under the curve (AUC), while predictive parameters were calculated using contingency tables. OSA severity was classified based on conventionally accepted apnea/hypopnea index thresholds: ≥5.0/h (OSA ≥5), ≥15.0/h (OSA ≥15), and ≥30.0/h (OSA ≥30). Results: Overall, 7377 adults were grouped into two large and independent cohorts: derivation (n = 3771) and validation (n = 3606). In the derivation cohort, screening of OSA ≥5 , OSA ≥15 , and OSA ≥30 revealed that GOAL questionnaire achieved sensitivity ranging from 83.3% to 94.0% and specificity ranging from 62.4% to 38.5%. In the validation cohort, screening of OSA ≥5 , OSA ≥15 , and OSA ≥30 , corroborated validation steps with sensitivity ranging from 83.7% to 94.2% and specificity from 63.4% to 37.7%. In both cohorts, discriminatory ability of GOAL questionnaire for screening of OSA ≥5 , OSA ≥15 , and OSA ≥30 was similar to No-Apnea, STOP-Bang or NoSAS. Conclusion: All four instruments had similar performance, leading to a possible greater practical implementation of the GOAL questionnaire, a simple instrument with only four parameters easily obtained during clinical evaluation.
The synthesis of a new self-assembled porphyrin macrostructure based on disulfide bonds, is presented. This constitutes a new way to directly connect porphyrins in macromolecular arrays, to complement the usual methods of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and metal coordination bonding.
C 13 H 13 NO 2 ,orthorhombic, Pbcn (no. 60), a =12.4741(2) Å, b =11.1481(2) Å, c =16. Source of materialTo asolutionofthe 4-aminobenzoic acid (1 mmol)and 2,5-hexadione (1.2 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at room temperature was added iodine (0.1 mmol). The mixture was stirred at this temperature with an N 2 positiveflow for aperiod of 2hours. Dichloromethane (20 mL) was then added to the mixture. The resulting mixture was washed successively with 5%N a 2 S 2 O 3solution (2 mL), saturated NaHCO3 solution (2 mL), and brine (2 mL). The organic layerwas then dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated. The product obtained was then purifiedbyflash chromatography with dichoromethane as novel phase and after completeevaporation of the solvent, 0.611 gof4-(2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl)-benzoic acid were obtained. The compoundwas recrystallized from dichloromethane. Experimental detailsThe atomic coordinates of the carboxylic Hatom were freely refined and two alternative positions were allowed for this atom, either closer to O1 either closer to O2. The occupancy of each site refined to near 50 %.
Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 293 K; mean (C-C) = 0.004 Å; disorder in main residue; R factor = 0.048; wR factor = 0.149; data-to-parameter ratio = 17.3.The crystal structure of the title compound, [Mn(C 7 H 5 O 2 )-(C 10 H 6 NO 2 )(C 10 H 7 NO 2 )], contains manganese(II) ions sixcoordinated in a distorted octahedral environment. The equatorial plane is occupied by four O atoms, two from the carboxylate group of the benzoate ion, the other two from carboxylate/carboxyl groups of the quinaldate/quinaldic acid molecules. The axial positions are occupied by the N atoms of the quinoline ring systems. The metal ion lies on a twofold rotation axis that bisects the benzoate ligand; the quinaldate and quinaldic acid ligands are therefore equivalent by symmetry, and the carboxylate/carboxyl groups are disordered. The complexes are joined together by hydrogen bonds between the carboxylate/carboxyl groups of adjacent quinaldate/quinaldic acid molecules, forming zigzag chains that run along the c axis.
Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 293 K; mean (C-C) = 0.003 Å; R factor = 0.045; wR factor = 0.117; data-to-parameter ratio = 14.3.In the crystal structure of the title compound, C 12 H 10 N 6 , the molecules deviate slightly from planarity. The plane of the central triazole ring makes angles of 6.13 (9) and 3.28 (10) with the pyridyl ring planes. Intramolecular N-HÁ Á ÁN interactions form six-membered closed rings. The crystal packing also shows weak C-HÁ Á Á and C-HÁ Á ÁN interactions. Related literature
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