Surveying the Landscape: What is the Role of Machine Translation in Language Learning?Resumen En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de las encuestas realizadas a los estudiantes en la Universidad de Duke (EE.UU.) en relación al uso de la traducción automática (TA) en los cursos de lenguas extranjeras, así como las percepciones del uso de la TA entre los instructores. En primer lugar, se ofrece una visión general del estado de la TA en los medios de comunicación nacionales y en el mundo académico, ofreciendo los investigadores una explicación del interés en la temática. En segundo lugar, se muestran los resultados de las encuestas realizadas entre 2011 y 2012 a los estudiantes e instructores, investigando los patrones de uso en el aprendizaje de idiomas y las percepciones sobre la utilidad de la TA. nuestros resultados ponen en evidencia una gran discrepancia en cuanto a cómo profesores y estudiantes perciben la utilidad de la TA.Palabras clave: traducción automática, tecnología, enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras, integridad académica, Google Translate | MOnOGRAPh: ThE ADqUISITIOn OF SECOnD LAnGUAGES AnD InnOvATIvE PEDAGOGIES Resum En aquest treball si presenten els resultats de les enquestes realitzades als estudiants a la Universitat de Duke (EUA) pel que fa a l' ús de la traducció automàtica (TA) en els cursos de llengües estrangeres, així com les percepcions de la TA entre els instructors. En primer lloc, es presenta una visió general de l'estat de la TA en els mitjans de comunicació nacionals i també al món acadèmic. A més, els investigadors ofereixen una explicació del seu interès en la temàtica. En segon lloc, es presenten els resultats de les enquestes realitzades entre els anys 2011 i 2012 als estudiants i instructors, investigant els patrons d'us a l'aprenentatge d'idiomes i les percepcions sobre la utilitat de la TA. Les nostres troballes evidencien una gran discrepància entre professors i estudiants pel que fa a la utilitat de la TA en l'aprenentatge de segones llengües.
Many researchers and educators have studied the use of Machine Translation (MT) in the L2 classroom, yet little data exists on World Language 6-12th grade educators' perceptions of MT. This study inquires into the ways that middle school and high school L2 educators perceive MT and how educators are adapting their assignments in light of its use. The results of this study show that a punitive approach is prevalent, in that MT is largely banned, and that infractions result in a wide array of consequences for students. The findings also suggest that a more deliberate inclusion of MT practices in the L2 classroom would be beneficial to teachers and students. For this reason, the study concludes with pedagogical suggestions regarding the incorporation of MT in the L2 classroom. _______________ INTRODUCTIONMachine Translation (MT) has captured the attention of audiences in mass media and the narrower realms of academic research in the last 15 years. The industry has inspired acronyms such as FOMT (Free Online Machine Translation); OT (Online Translators); Online Machine Translation (OMT) and MT (Machine Translation). (For the purposes of this paper, we will refer to technologies that translate a string of words from one language to another as MT.) Google Translate, especially, has been the focus of interest since its development in 2006. People look at its shallowness (Hofstadter, 2018) and its flaws (The Tonight Show, 2019). Notably, its flaws are increasingly becoming less obvious, as the tool has moved to translating whole sentences instead of fragments and "the system learns over time to create better, more natural translations" (Turovsky, 2016, para. 2).Translation is happening in the home, at businesses, on desktops, and on phones. In December 2020, for example, Amazon launched a live translation feature on its Echo devices. Google Assistant has an Interpreter Mode. Smart phones feature apps such as a Google Translate camera tool, SayHi Translate, iTranslate, Papago, TextGrabber, Microsoft Translator, and WayGo. There is public money behind translation projects. In 2020, the Department of Homeland Security awarded funding to a company to build a portable, standalone system for language translation that would work both connected and offline. And in the private sector, the industry is burgeoning. The Language Service Provider (LSP) industry, which is the brains (and machines) behind interpreting, translating, subtitling, localization and transcription, was worth 46 billion U.S. dollars in 2018, and was estimated to reach 56 billion Merschel & Munné Perceptions and Practices of Machine Translation
actualmente planteadas en el desarrollo de ensayos clínicos con los diferentes tipos de vacunas. Palabras clave: VIH. Sida. Vacuna. Mecanismos de escape viral. Inmunidad antiviral. The uncontrolled progression of the aids epidemic has made the development of an efficacious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine a major objective of scientific research. No effective preventive vaccine against HIV is currently available and sterilizing immunity has not yet been achieved in animal models. This review analyses the major challenges in developing an aids vaccine, in particular the mechanisms involved in viral escape from the immune response, and summarizes the results obtained with the different prototypes of therapeutic and preventive vaccines. Finally, social, economic and healthcare aspects of research into HIV vaccines and current controversies regarding the development of clinical trials are discussed. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2005;23(Supl. 2):15-24 16 Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2005;23(Supl. 2):15-24 Alcamí J, et al. Current situation in the development of a preventive HIV vaccine
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