Purpose of Review Substance use disorders (SUD) affect differentially women and men. Although the prevalence has been reported higher in men, those women with addictive disorders present a more vulnerable profile and are less likely to enter treatment than men. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of how sex and gender may influence epidemiology, clinical manifestations, social impact, and the neurobiological basis of these differences of women with SUD, based on human research. Recent Findings The differences in prevalence rates between genders are getting narrower; also, women tend to increase the amount of consumption more rapidly than men, showing an accelerated onset of the SUD (telescoping effect). In respect to clinical features, the most important differences are related to the risk of experience psychiatric comorbidity, the exposure to intimate partner violence, and the associated high risks in sexual and reproductive health; and those who are mothers and addicted to substances are at risk of losing the custody of children accumulating more adverse life events. Some of these differences can be based on neurobiological differences: pharmacokinetic response to substances, sensitivity to gonadal hormones, differences in neurobiological systems as glutamate, endocannabinoids, and genetic differences. Summary Specific research in women who use drugs is very scarce and treatments are not gender-sensitive oriented. For these reasons, it is important to guarantee access to the appropriate treatment of women who use drugs and a need for a gender perspective in the treatment and research of substance use disorders.

The International Classification of Diseases–11th revision (ICD-11) classification of personality disorders is the official diagnostic system that is used all over the world, and it has recently been renewed. However, as yet very few data are available on its performance. This study examines the Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD), which assesses the personality domains of the system, and the Standardized Assessment of Severity of Personality Disorder (SASPD), which determines severity. The Spanish versions of the questionnaires were administered to a community ( n = 2,522) and a clinical sample ( n = 797). Internal consistency was adequate in the PiCD (α = .75 to .84) but less so in the SASPD (α = .64 and .73). Factor analyses suggested a unidimensional or bidimensional structure for severity, while revealing that the personality trait qualifiers are organized into four factors: negative affectivity, detachment, dissociality, and a bipolar domain of disinhibition–anankastia. The mutual relationships between traits and severity were analyzed, as well as the ability of the whole system to identify clinical subjects. Although further improvements are required, the results generally support the use of the PiCD and the SASPD and help substantiate the new ICD-11 taxonomy that underlies them.

Due to the fact that comorbidity of MD and SUD is frequent and presents greater psychopathological and medical severity, as well as worse social functioning, it is crucial to treat MD and SUD simultaneously using the integrated treatment model and not to treat both conditions separately.Keywords: Depression; Dual pathology; Comorbidity; Treatment;Recommendations.La comorbilidad entre los trastornos por uso de sustancias (SUD) y la depresión mayor (DM) es la patología dual más común en el campo de las adicciones a sustancias, con prevalencias que oscilan entre el 12 y el 80% complicando la respuesta al tratamiento y empeorando el pronóstico de los pacientes.Diferenciar entre el diagnóstico de episodios depresivos inducidos y episodios depresivos primarios concurrentes al uso de sustancias es especialmente relevante para el manejo terapéutico.En este artículo se presenta el estado actual de los tratamientos farmacológicos disponibles hasta el momento para la depresión comórbida en pacientes con SUD, teniendo en cuenta la seguridad y el potencial de abuso de los fármacos antidepresivos.Debido a que la comorbilidad de DM y SUD es frecuente y a que estos pacientes presentan mayor gravedad psicopatológica y peor funcionamiento social, es crucial un modelo de tratamiento integrado y no abordar el tratamiento por separado.