An accurate short-term load forecasting system allows an optimum daily operation of the power system and a suitable process of decision-making, such as with regard to control measures, resource planning or initial investment, to be achieved. In a previous work, the authors demonstrated that an SVR model to forecast the electric load in a non-residential building using only the temperature and occupancy of the building as attributes is the one that gives the best balance of accuracy and computational cost for the cases under study. Starting from this conclusion, a simple, low-computational requirements and economical hourly consumption prediction method, based on SVR model and only the calculated occupancy indicator as attribute, is proposed. The method, unlike the others, is able to perform hourly predictions months in advance using only the occupancy indicator.Due to the relevance of the occupancy indicator in the model, this paper provides a complete study of the methods and data sources employed in the creation of the artificial occupancy attributes. Several occupancy indicators are defined, from the simplest one, using general information, to the most complex one, based on very detailed information. Then, a load forecasting performance discrimination between the artificial occupancy attributes is realized demonstrating that using the most complex indicator increases the workload and complexity while not improving the load prediction significantly. A real case study, applying the forecasting method to several non-residential buildings in the University of Girona, serve as a demonstration.
This paper presents the development and implementation of a real-time control strategy based
on end-point detection of biological reactions responsible for carbon and nitrogen removal in
order to optimize the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process. The control system is an algorithm
that automatically adjusts the cycle length to the influent wastewater characteristics according
to the end points. The algorithm acts in the reaction phases of the SBR cycle using the oxygen
uptake rate (OUR) and oxidation−reduction potential (ORP) values as the aerobic and anoxic
phase end points, respectively. Real-time control was employed in the 1-m3 pilot-plant SBR
treating urban wastewater with some industrial components. Despite the influent variability,
the effluent levels, 57 mg of COD·L-1 and 4.7 mg of N·L-1, were lower than those of the European
Directive 91/217/CEE. These results demonstrate that the real-time control, using a conventional
online ORP probe and the respirometer measurement, OUR, can be applied in the SBR to
wastewater treatment.
The paper describes an ongoing work to embed several services in a Smart City architecture with the aim of achieving a sustainable city. In particular, the main goal is to identify services required in such framework to define the requirements and features of a reference architecture to support the data-driven methods for energy efficiency monitoring or load prediction. With this object in mind, a use case of short-term load forecasting in non-residential buildings in the University of Girona is provided, in order to practically explain the services embedded in the described general layers architecture. In the work, classic data-driven models for load forecasting in buildings are used as an exampleThis research project has been partially funded through BR-UdGScholarship of the University of Girona granted to Joaquim MassanaRaurich. Work developed with the support of the research groupSITES awarded with distinction by the Generalitat de Catalunya(SGR 2014–2016), the MESC project funded by the Spanish MINECO (Ref. DPI2013-47450-C2-1-R) and the European Union’s Horizon2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreementNo 68070
A methodology based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and clustering is evaluated for process monitoring and process analysis of a pilot-scale SBR removing nitrogen and phosphorus. The first step of this method is to build a multi-way PCA (MPCA) model using the historical process data. In the second step, the principal scores and the Q-statistics resulting from the MPCA model are fed to the LAMDA clustering algorithm. This procedure is iterated twice. The first iteration provides an efficient and effective discrimination between normal and abnormal operational conditions. The second iteration of the procedure allowed a clear-cut discrimination of applied operational changes in the SBR history. Important to add is that this procedure helped identifying some changes in the process behaviour, which would not have been possible, had we only relied on visually inspecting this online data set of the SBR (which is traditionally the case in practice). Hence the PCA based clustering methodology is a promising tool to efficiently interpret and analyse the SBR process behaviour using large historical online data sets.
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