A process oriented calibration scheme (POC), developed for the HBV hydrological model is presented. Twelve parameters were calibrated in two steps. Firstly, initial parameter estimates were made from recession analysis of observed runoff. Secondly, the parameters were calibrated individually in an iteration loop starting with the snow routine, over the soil routine and finally the runoff-response function. This was done by minimizing different objective functions for different parameters and only over subperiods where the parameters were active. Approximately three hundred and fifty objective function evaluations were needed to find the optimal parameter set, which resulted in a computer time of about 17 hours on a 386 processor PC for a ten-year calibration period. Experiments were also performed with fine tuning as well as direct search of the response surface, where the parameters were allowed to change simultaneously. A calibration period length of between two and six years was found sufficient to find optimal parameters in the test basins. The POC scheme yielded as good model performance as after a manual calibration.
The new Swedish guidelines for the estimation of design floods for dams and spillways are presented, with emphasis on highhazard dams. The method is based on a set of regional design precipitation sequences, rescaled for basin area, season and elevation above sea level, and a full hydrological model. A reservoir operation strategy is also a fundamental component of the guidelines. The most critical combination of flood generating factors is searched by systematically inserting the design precipitation sequence into a ten year climatological record, where the initial snowpack has been replaced by a statistical 30-year snowpack. The new guidelines are applicable to single reservoir systems as well as more complex hydroelectric schemes, and cover snowmelt floods, rain floods and combinations of the two. In order to study the probabilities of the computed floods and to avoid regional inconsistencies, extensive comparisons with observed floods and frequency analyses have been carried out. Débits de crue de projet pour les déversoirs en Suède: I. Description des nouvelles directives Résumé Les nouvelles directives suédoises pour le calcul des débits de crue de projet pour les barrages et les déversoirs sont présentées en insistant sur ce qui concerne les barrages à haut-risques. La méthode est basée sur un ensemble de séries de données de précipitations pour une région, mises à l'échelle pour l'aire du bassin, la saison, l'altitude et sur un modèle hydrologique complet. Une stratégie d'exploitation du réservoir est également une composante fondamentale des instructions. La combinaison la plus critique des facteurs générants le débit est recherchée en insérant systématiquement une série de précipitation de projet dans un enregistrement climatologique de 10 années, où la couche de neige initiale a été remplacé par une couche de neige statistique sur 30 ans. Les nouvelles instructions sont applicables pour les systèmes à réservoir unique ainsi que pour des projets hydroélectriques plus complexes, et ce pour les débits provenant de la fonte des neiges, pour les débits de pluies ou pour la combinaison des deux. Afin d'étudier la probabilité de débits calculés et d'éviter les irrégularités régionales, des comparaisons extensives avec des débits observés et des analyses de fréquence ont été effectuées.
Improved water resources governance supports important social, economic, and environmental objectives. The 2030 Agenda recognizes improved water governance to be critical for achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and commits to monitor the progress of implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM). This paper critically reviews the approach to monitoring SDG indicator 6.5.1 on implementation of IWRM. Firstly, the paper places the indicator monitoring within the context of other initiatives to measure water governance. Secondly, it analyzes experiences of application of the SDG indicator 6.5.1 methodology to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the indicator and presents the key findings of the 2017/2018 global baseline assessment of IWRM implementation. Baseline reporting shows that degree of IWRM implementation globally is 49%, though country scores range from 10 to 100%. Disaggregating the data by country and by aspect of water resources governance provides a diagnostic tool to identify areas of high and low progress, and, therefore, where increased resources and attention are required. The article concludes by suggesting how the next iteration of SDG indicator 6.5.1 monitoring cycle can be made into a tool for advancing the IWRM implementation and improved governance practices on the ground. It also proposes how the methodology can be strengthened to address current limitations, including aspects relating to integrity, accountability and transparency.
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