The continuous increase of the world energy demand, the rise of fossil fuels costs, and the strong environmental policies around the globe are some of the reasons for the wood pellets industry increase. However, there are some other available biomass feedstocks capable of being densified for energy production. Among the various options, the use of mixed biomass pellets is becoming remarkable due to the wide variety of species, although more research is needed in order to enhance the mechanical properties of these pellets. This study aims to identify the effect of particle size on the mechanical properties of sawdust and coal pellets when cocoa pod husks are used as an additive. Cocoa pod husks have a similar composition to sawdust and less sulfur and nitrogen than coal. Thus, the use of this additive might decrease the environmental impact during coal pellets combustion. Results show an attractive potential of cocoa pod husks grinds for pellet production, an increase of the durability of coal pellets mixed with this raw material, and similar performance between cocoa pod husks and sawdust pellets. The compression ratio, the compressive and impact resistance varied linearly with the addition of cocoa pod husks.Keywords: Biomass, coal, cocoa pod husks, densification, pellets, sawdust. RESUMENEl incremento en la demanda de energía a nivel mundial, el alza en los precios de combustibles fósiles y las fuertes políticas ambientales son algunas de las razones del crecimiento de la industria de los pellets de madera. Sin embargo, existen otras materias primas disponibles que pueden ser densificadas para la producción de energía. Dadas las diferentes opciones, el uso de pellets mixtos de biomasa se ha convertido en una opción favorable, a pesar de que es necesaria una mayor investigación con el fin de mejorar las propiedades mecánicas de los pellets. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar el efecto del tamaño de partícula sobre las propiedades mecánicas de los pellets de aserrín y carbón cuando la cáscara de cacao se usa como aditivo. Las cascaras de caco tienen una composición similar al aserrín y menos contenido de azufre y nitrógeno que el carbón. Por lo tanto el uso de este aditivo puede disminuir el impacto ambiental durante la combustión de pellets de carbón. Los resultados muestran un potencial atractivo para la producción de pellets con cacao molido, un incremento de la durabilidad de los pellets de carbón mezclados con esta materia prima y un rendimiento similar entre los pellets de cacao y aserrín. La relación de compresión, la resistencia a la compresión y al impacto variaron linealmente con la adición de cáscara de cacao.
A novel method for quasi-continuous tar monitoring in hot syngas from biomass gasification is reported. A very small syngas stream is extracted from the gasifier output, and the oxygen demand for tar combustion is determined by a well-defined dosage of synthetic air. Assuming the total oxidation of all of the combustible components at the Pt-electrode of a lambda-probe, the difference of the residual oxygen concentrations from successive operations with and without tar condensation represents the oxygen demand. From experiments in the laboratory with H2/N2/naphthalene model syngas, the linear sensitivity and a lower detection limit of about 70 ± 5 mg/m3 was estimated, and a very good long-term stability can be expected. This extremely sensitive and robust monitoring concept was evaluated further by the extraction of a small, constant flow of hot syngas as a sample (9 L/h) using a Laval nozzle combined with a metallic filter (a sintered metal plate (pore diameter 10 µm)) and a gas pump (in the cold zone). The first tests in the laboratory of this setup—which is appropriate for field applications—confirmed the excellent analysis results. However, the field tests concerning the monitoring of the tar in syngas from a woodchip-fueled gasifier demonstrated that the determination of the oxygen demand by the successive estimation of the oxygen concentration with/without tar trapping is not possible with enough accuracy due to continuous variation of the syngas composition. A method is proposed for how this constraint can be overcome.
Motivation: Thermochemical conversion of biomass to syngas by gasification of biological wastes like food or wood residuals wins more and more importance for energy supply because this kind of fuel is sustainable and generally available on demand. The syngas is composed of fuel components like CO, CH4, H2 and light hydrocarbons, but also contains undesired components like particulate matter and particularly tar. The latter constituents represent a complex mixture of aromatic compounds like toluene, phenol or naphthalene, which vary in relative composition and absolute concentration related to the composition of the biomass and the actual quality of the gasification process. Tar content in the raw syngas leads to complications like tar deposition on the walls, clogging of pipes in the equipment of the associated processes e.g. for generation of electric energy in which syngas is used as a fuel. The continuous monitoring of the tar in the syngas even at low concentrations is, therefore, of major importance to enable installation of a feedback operation control of the gasifying process and achieve minimization of the tar content. In the past, analysis of tar in syngas is well established, but expensive analysis methods like FTIR, NMR and GC/MS were published [1]. Also, tar analysis by LED induced fluorescence spectroscopy was reported in [2], but preliminary tests were conducted in the liquid phase at relatively high concentrations of phenol (8-10%). Recently, online monitoring of the tar concentration in producer syngas by use of a photo ionization detector (PID) [3] or a flame ionization detector (FID) [4] was described. In the latter concept the FID difference signal based on the syngas stream without and with condensation of the tar (cooled filter at 20°C-100°C) represents the tar concentration. This concept of tar analysis seems to be quite accurate for tar concentrations higher than 5g/m3. PID promises to enable tar component detection and to be very sensitive, however, the long-term stability of this monitoring concept seems to be problematic. New concept of more sensitive tar-monitoring in syngas: In this paper, for the first time, a novel concept of continuous tar monitoring in syngas is introduced. The setup for evaluation in the laboratory is schematically given in Fig.1a. It allows accurate measurements of toluene (used as a model tar) even below 1000ppm. The sensing principle is based on the estimation of the residual oxygen demand for tar combustion. First, a small flow (100ml/min) of the hot syngas stream is extracted from the gasifier and dosed with synthetic air to adjust stoichiometric combustion conditions (l=1) by use of an electronic mass flow controller (MFC) operated in a feedback loop with the signal of a wide band high-temperature Pt/8YSZ/Pt - oxygen sensor (LSU 4.9, Bosch GmbH). In the second step the synthetic air flow is kept constant, but now the syngas is lead over a condensation unit (T=-32°C) and again conducted to the oxygen sensor. The sensor provides a signal (coulometric current Ip) proportional to the excess oxygen concentration measured after tar condensation (l>1). The difference signal DIp = Ip (l>1) – Ip (l=1) represents the excess oxygen concentration after tar condensation which is directly related to the oxygen demand for tar oxidation. Discussion and outlook: Of course, this method of tar monitoring does not provide an analysis of the tar content because the measured oxygen demand related to the tar concentration depends on the specific mixture of aromatic compounds forming the tar. In addition, even at a temperature of approximately -32°C volatile components like toluene, which is one of the major constituents of tar, can only be condensate to a residual saturation concentration of about 800 ppm according to Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which corresponds to a concentration of about 3g/m3 (25°C). This means, at this temperature other components of tar with higher evaporation enthalpies like naphthalene and phenol will be estimated at a much lower sensitivity limit and, therefore, will represent the tar concentration even at considerably lower values than 1000ppm. In the next step this novel procedure of tar monitoring was experimentally evaluated, and tested with naphthalene as model tar. The results demonstrated the very good sensitivity and long-term stability of this monitoring concept. The automated system recorded a clear signal even at the lowest naphthalene concentration (14ppm/74mgm-3). These experimental results from laboratory will be presented in detail, modifications of the setup necessary for analysis of real syngas of a wood gasifier and some preliminary experiments will be reported and limits of detection in context with some technical advantages/restrains will be discussed. Acknowledgement This work is part of the EBIPREP collaboration project (www.ebiprep.eu) financed by the EU International Programme INTERREG V Oberrhein 2017-2020. References [1] Rudy Michel, Sergio Rapagnà, Philippe Burg, Giuseppe Mazziotti di Celso, Claire Courson, Thierry Zimny, René Gruber; Steam gasification of Miscanthus X Giganteus with olivine as catalyst production of syngas and analysis of tars (IR, NMR and GC/MS) Biomass & Bioenergy 35 (2011) 2650 [2] Sean Capper, Zakir Khan, Prashant Kamble, James Sharp, Ian Watson; Progression towards online tar detection systems, Energy procedia 142 (2017) 892 [3] Mozhgan Ahmadi, Harrie Knoef, Bert Van de Beld, Truls Liliedahl, Klas Engvall; Development of a PID based on-line tar measurement method – Proof of concept, Fuel 113 (2013) 113 [4] A. Gredinger, R. Spörl and G. Scheffknecht; Comparative measurements of tar concentrations in gasification systems between an online method and the tar protocol; Proceedings 24th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 6.-9. June 2016, Amsterdam, p. 466 Figure 1
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