The multifunctional G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) family comprises eight subtypes, some of which participate in tumorigenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate mGluR5 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissues and oral cancer cell lines. We also investigated the prognostic significance of mGluR5 and its functional importance in the migration, invasion, and adhesion of oral cancer cells. We evaluated the expression of mGluR5 in samples from 131 oral SCC patients and in several oral cancer cell lines by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. We observed varying levels of mGluR5 in human oral SCC tissues and cancer cell lines. There was a significant association between strong mGluR5 immunoreactivity and overall survival (P=0.0109). The functional significance of the expression of mGluR5 in oral cancer cells was then investigated in HSC3 oral tongue cancer cells. An mGluR5 agonist, DHPG increased tumor cell migration, invasion, and adhesion in HSC3 cells (P<0.05). This was reversed by the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP. Our results strongly suggest that mGluR5 is a new prognostic marker and contributes to tumor cell migration and invasion in oral cancer.
The greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mandate on jet fuel requires a gradual reduction in the fuel’s GHG emissions, up to 50%, by 2050. For this reason, the demand for bio-jet fuel blended with conventional petroleum-derived jet fuel will increase. In order to meet the quality requirement of blended fuels (ASTM D7566), modeling that can predict the correlation between properties is required. Our aim was to predict the low-temperature properties using the distillation profile results obtained from Simulated Distillation (SIMDIS) according to the carbon number and chemical compositions of bio-jet fuel through correlation and regression analysis. We used hydroprocessed ester and fatty acid (HEFA) bio-jet fuel and hydrocarbon reagents that included C8, C10, and C12 carbons and five main families of hydrocarbons for blended jet fuel. This study shows an overall trend for each component, indicating that the distilled volume fraction is more affected than the carbon number. In the case of the freezing point, by composition, n-paraffin and naphthene have regression coefficients of more than 0.85 for the 50% and 60% recovery temperatures, respectively. In terms of carbon number, the C8 sample has a significant regression coefficient for the 40% recovery temperature, and C10 has a significant regression coefficient for the initial boiling point (IBP) and 10% recovery temperature. In the case of kinematic viscosity, by composition, the regression coefficient is significant for the 20% to 40% recovery temperatures. For naphthene, the kinematic viscosity exhibited no relationship with carbon number. This information can be utilized to determine the blended ratio of bio-jet fuel and conventional jet fuel in newly certified or commercial applications.
This study purposed to characterize the sewage sludge from various sewage treatment plants (STPs) as a biodiesel feedstock. Crude biodiesel was produced from each dried primary sludge (PS) and waste activated sludge (WAS) via in situ transesterification process. The average yield of transesterifiable lipid (TL) was 77.8% and 60.4% of the total lipid content from PS and WAS, respectively. The TL yield had a greater margin among WAS than PS samples due to differences in the biological processes adopted in each treatment plant. The TL recovered from PS and WAS contained 54.2% and 40.1% fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), respectively, which were mostly made up of palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0). The FAME composition of the biodiesel in the WAS sample was highly associated with a microbial community that grows otherwise, depending on the purpose of the biological treatment process. In particular, the increase in the proportion of nitrifying bacteria that grow predominantly under a relatively longer solid retention time (SRT) contributed significantly to the improvement in FAME content.Energies 2019, 12, 3952 2 of 12 fuel with potential for use in vehicles [6][7][8][9]. Sewage sludge, represented by primary sludge (PS) and waste activated sludge (WAS), has many benefits as a biodiesel feedstock; it is a low-cost feedstock, with abundant and consistent generation during sewage treatment, and the lipid content (necessary for conversion to fuel) in both types of sewage sludge is significant [9]. Sewage sludge as an alternative feedstock could contribute to drastically reducing the material costs of biodiesel production which account for 70-85% of the overall cost [10]. In addition, the generation of sewage sludge is plentiful and consistent on a yearly basis; thus, it can stably supplement the lack of feedstock for biodiesel. Assuming that biodiesel is produced from the total amount of sewage sludge, biodiesel production is estimated to be more than three times the current capacity in the US [11]. Various lipids, including fats, oil, and fatty acids, present in the sewage sludge are biodiesel precursors. The triglycerides (TG) and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), which are the predominant lipids of sewage sludge, can be converted to biodiesel via transesterification (Equations (1) and (2)). Furthermore, PS and WAS contain 5-36% and 2-20% free fatty acids (FFAs), respectively [12,13]. The sewage sludge FFAs are also convertible to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) via acid-catalyzed esterification [14].
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