Background: Adenoviruses use the short non-coding transcript VA RNA I to inhibit host antiviral kinase PKR. Results: VA RNA I contains a pH-and Mg 2ϩ -sensitive tertiary structure that, unexpectedly, is not required for PKR inhibition. Conclusion: Structural requirements for an RNA inhibitor of PKR are simpler than appreciated previously. Significance: These findings explain how non-coding RNAs of varied sequence and structure can efficiently inhibit PKR.

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