The time trade-off method was incorporated into a study of valuation of health states following treatment for breast cancer. A major aim of the work was to determine whether different groups give different valuations. The time trade-off technique was simple and quick to administer, acceptable to subjects, and produced different values in different groups. Age and sex of valuers had some influence: the most striking differences were found between women who had experienced breast cancer and those who had not. The time trade-off method has considerable potential in health state valuation. The choice of valuers needs to be further explored.
Community nurses play a key part in palliative care for patients and their families, yet there is relatively little research examining how their role is understood by nurses themselves. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study exploring how district nursing teams and community matrons (CMs) understood their own and each other's roles in palliative care. Twenty-four district nurses (DNs), 15 CMs and seven other key stakeholders were interviewed. DNs saw themselves as having a pivotal role, often coordinating other services as well as providing hands-on care. CMs agreed with the importance of the DN role, but had doubts about whether DNs had the capacity or skills to provide genuine case management. Both sets of nurses varied in their views of the CM role in palliative care, from seeing it as negligible to extensive and valuable. Organizational change contributed to the defensiveness of many DNs about their role, and to CMs' experiences of suspicion towards theirs.
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to understand the constructions of female-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV) among postgraduate (PG) students studying and preparing for a career in forensic psychology. A social constructionist methodological framework was adopted in order to explore students' dominant discourses surrounding gender and IPV. Of particular interest was how female perpetrators of IPV within heterosexual relationships were constructed and subsequently positioned by students in terms of social and gender identity. Implications regarding future practice for graduates in relation to risk assessment and treatment interventions are discussed. Design/methodology/approach-Six female PG forensic students took part in a qualitative focus group and discussed their understanding of IPV and views regarding perpetration. Focus group members were also asked to discuss details of a vignette depicting a violent relationship where gender identity was purposefully removed. The focus group interview data were analysed using Foucauldian discourse analysis. Findings-The students constructed IPV as a behaviour that was predominantly perpetrated by men towards women. Students acknowledged that female-perpetrated IPV occurred; however, such behaviour was constructed as non-threatening, and subsequently, less serious than male-perpetrated IPV. Moreover, the analysis revealed that the overall discourses drawn on by the students projected a feminine representation of female IPV that positioned women as emotionally unstable, vulnerable and acting in self-defence. Research limitations/implications-Students' constructions of female-perpetrated IPV appeared to minimise aggression. It is argued that the positioning of women in terms of vulnerability serves to undermine any responsibility for perpetrating violence among this group of students. In terms of implications for practice, oversimplified assumptions in relation to gendered constructions have the potential to inhibit female IPV from being recognised as a serious form of aggression, and it is argued that this could potentially bias assessments of risk leading to an underestimation of threat. Female perpetrators of IPV may subsequently receive inadequate supervision and intervention and inadequate levels of victim safety planning may occur. These gendered constructions may also inhibit male victims from seeking help and help being offered. Originality/value-This paper highlights the importance of understanding constructions of IPV among students who are preparing for careers as a forensic psychology practitioner. Female IPV is clearly challenging. With respect to the social construction of IPV, the students in this study made many assumptions about female identity by linking this to feminine and essentialist ideas that constrain women as emotionally and biologically vulnerable. Such findings raise questions about whether future training and study programmes are equipped to critically challenge the dominant discourses and subsequent constructions of gender and IPV....
IntroductionThe problematic use of substances is linked to many forms of chronic and life threatening conditions, the majority of which affect people in later life. In part as a consequence of population ageing and with evidence suggesting that older people’s substance use is increasing, this complex and heterogeneous group is growing. Thus greater numbers will require palliative care and present new challenges to end of life services. This study explores the nature and extent of these changes and the needs of service users and providers.Aim(s) and method(s)There are five strands to the study; evidence for practice: an international review via a Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA), establishing what is known about prevalence and incidence via a secondary analysis of qualitative and quantitative datasets, exploration of the experiences of people with chronic or terminal illness and a similarly for the experiences of family members and carers, and professionals’ perspectives collected via key informant interviews.ResultsThe study began in May 2016 and we will have preliminary findings for presentation from the REA, the quantitative dataset analysis, and the secondary analysis of carer/family study data by October 2016.Conclusion(s)This is a key and under-researched area of palliative and end of life care, and an area which we already know results in considerable challenges for both end of life service providers and also for substance use services. Little is known about what may already be in place and still less about the composition and scale of the relevant populations.ReferencesGalvani S, Hutchinson A, Dance C. Identifying and assessing substance use: findings from a national survey of social work and social care professionals.Br J Social Work2014;44(7):1895–1913Harling M, Overy C, Beckham G,et al. Addressing negative attitudes toward substance use in nursing: A peer-led approach in nurse education.Drugs Alcohol Today2006;62):38–41Reisfield GM, Paulian GD, Wilson GR. Substance use disorders in the palliative care patient.J Palliat Med2009;12(5):475Wadd S, Papadopoulos C. Drinking behaviour and alcohol-related harm amongst older adults: analysis of existing UK datasets.BMC Res Notes2014;7(1):741
Under the Criminal Justice Act (2003), Alcohol Treatment Requirements (ATRs) are now available and can be dispensed as part of a community sentence. ATRs deliver coercive treatment to predominantly 'dependent' drinkers specifically aiming to tackle levels of alcohol consumption and reduce alcohol related crime. Data gathered from probation records and treatment files for 81 offenders sentenced to treatment were analysed exploring offender characteristics, outcomes and impact. The analysis shows that those deemed 'suitable' and consequently sentenced for the ATR were primarily 'white British' males who had committed crimes related to 'violence against the person'. Progression through treatment on the ATR is encouraging with a 70 per cent completion rate and positive outcomes with regard to levels of alcohol consumption. While re-offending rates were also low these should be viewed with caution as the time lapse between intervention and impact assessment was short.
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