A "Silver Bullet" is defined as a solution that relies on using one portion of a number of complex processes to quickly and easily achieve a desired result. In the case of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) casing cementing, the objective is to achieve complete annular zonal isolation from the intermediate casing shoe to surface. Cement is often cited as providing a "Silver Bullet" solution for a number of well construction deficiencies.An integrated design approach is a philosophy that incorporates critical design criteria, operational best practices and fit for purpose equipment to achieve a desired result. An integrated design approach is only effective if full participation occurs from both the operator and service providers. Design and operations personnel should be fully utilized in this philosophy. This approach has been employed with respect to the well construction and casing cementing operations at Foster Creek/Christina Lake (FCCL) SAGD projects. The operator and cementing service provider employed an integrated design approach to SAGD cementing operations and the results are presented in this paper.SAGD wells present sub-surface well construction engineers with a difficult environment in which to achieve a competent annular seal when cementing intermediate casing strings. SAGD well designs typically consist of large diameter drill holes and casing, set horizontally at relatively shallow true vertical depths (TVDs), through formations of variable competency. SAGD production operations then, via steam injection, subject the wells to extreme temperature cycles up to 275°C. These operating environments require design consideration of all aspects of the drilling and casing cementing operations to achieve and maintain annular isolation.Relying on one piece of a puzzle to make up for a number of missing parts rarely provides a consistent, reliable outcome. An integrated design approach that leverages all the various aspects of wellbore construction is essential to achieving high quality well performance throughout the life of project. Drilling a hole with a uniform diameter (minimizing washouts) and trajectory, drilling fluid conditioning and solids removal, coupled with proper casing centralization and movement during cementing operations is essential to ensure an adequate cement sheath is obtained around casing.Flushes and spacers are utilized in cementing operations to seal off porous formations, reduce cement fallback and provide a reactive film on the borehole and casing to improve the quality of the cement bond. The placement of cementing fluids into wells at higher annular velocities has a 30ϩ year history in Western Canada of improving drilling fluid/solids removal from casing annuli and enhancing cement to formation/pipe bond, reducing well problems associated with incomplete zonal isolation and casing support.A recent introduction into SAGD cementing operations of a formulated spacer fluid and "fit for purpose" mixing and pumping equipment has resulted in quantifiable improvements in intermedia...
This paper provides a review of two specifications for electrical insulating mineral oils by ASTM and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The physical, electrical, and chemical properties of these fluids are specified for use in electric apparatus such as transformers. The specified test methods are compared and their differences are presented. Some properties of commercial oils are shown.
ASTM Committee D-27 on Electrical Insulating Fluids and Gases was formed as Subcommittee IV under Committee D-9 in the year 1916 and was designated as a separate technical committee in 1959. The scope of D-27 is the promotion of knowledge pertaining to insulating liquids and gases, whether synthetic or natural in origin, and the recommendation of standards and specifications pertinent to these materials. The principal materials included in this arena are oils of petroleum origin, synthetic liquids, and halogenated and other gases when used singularly or as combinations, as electrical insulation or as an environment for electrical insulation in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equipment. Standards peculiar to solid insulating materials and varnishes, and the development of standards pertaining to non-electrical uses of liquids and gaseous materials are excluded from our scope. The D-27 membership is made up of technical people from the refining and chemical industries, electrical equipment manufacturers, electrical utilities, and laboratories that test and analzye both new and used fluids and gases. The paper presents in some detail the responsibilities of the various subcommittees and the harmonization efforts to work with international standards organizations. Some specific examples of our work are cited in terms of the events that preceded the need to standardize a procedure.
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