The occurrence and content of some polyphenols and the antioxidant activity of compounds present in grape berries, stems and leaves of <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L. were evaluated. Three white and three blue varieties of grapevine were investigated. The contents were determined of <i>trans</i>-resveratrol, <i>trans</i>-piceid, caftaric acid, tryptophan, catechin, epicatechin, total polyphenols, and flavanols, both in healthy material and in the samples of the plant material infested with microorganisms (<i>Botryotinia fuckeliana</i> Whetzel anamorph <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> Pers.; Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr; <i>Plasmopara viticola</i> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl & De Toni). The antioxidant activity of the extracts obtained was determined by different methods: FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) and TAC-PCL (Total Antioxidant Capacity of Photochemiluminescence). The content of <i>trans</i>-resveratrol varied between 0.3–2.3 mg/kg and 0.7–12.1 mg/kg in non-infested and infested grape berries, respectively. The content of <i>trans</i>-piceid between 0.6–2.9 mg/kg and 1.5–6.3 mg/kg in non-infested and infested grape berries, respectively. The content of trans-resveratrol varied between 2.5–10.3 mg/kg and 3.7–20.9 mg/kg in healthy and in infected leaves, respectively. The content <i>trans</i>-piceid varied between 11.3–58.4 mg/kg and 18.5–60.9 mg/kg in the healthy and in the infected leaves, respectively. The highest content of trans-resveratrol was found in stems (16.3–276.3 mg/kg). In young lateral shoots, the highest levels of <i>trans</i>-piceid (12.6–99.7 mg/kg) and caftaric acid (474–2257 mg/kg) were determined. The infested grape berries showed a higher antioxidant activity, which was most closely correlated with the content of total polyphenols (correlation coefficient = 0.8336–0.9952).
Thirty-six selected male chickens were allocated into four groups C, HA, ZN, ZN + HA, and the experiment was initiated after 4 days of an adaptation period. Group C was fed a complete feed mixture without supplements. Group HA was fed the same diet with 500 mg of humic acid per chicken and day. Group ZN was loaded with 240 mg Zn (as 600 mg ZnSO 4 ) per chicken and day, and birds of the group ZN + HA were loaded as those of the latter group, with additional 500 mg of humic acid per chicken and day. The treatments were carried out for 10 days. Subsequently, the chickens were slaughtered and samples of liver, kidneys, leg muscles and blood were collected for Zn level assessment. The Zn levels detected in group C can be considered as the background value, found commonly in broiler chickens fed the complete feed mixtures enriched with trace elements. The following concentrations were detected (mg Zn/kg): 40.1 ± 13.4 in muscles, 81.0 ± 6.6 in kidneys, 72.2 ± 15.0 in liver, and in blood serum 1.04 ± 0.45 mg Zn/l. Increased Zn levels by 11 to 30% (P > 0.05) compared to group C were found in group HA in all tissues studied. The ten-day treatment with 600 mg ZnSO 4 (240 mg Zn/day, i.e. 2 400 mg Zn per 10 days) resulted in increased Zn levels in all investigated tissues, significantly in kidneys (P < 0.01), liver (P < 0.01) and blood serum (P < 0.01). The mean levels 430.5 ± 159.0, 149.8 ± 41.9 and 57.9 ± 22.7 mg Zn/kg, and 4.14 ± 0.9 mg/l were found in liver, kidneys, leg muscles, and blood serum, respectively. After the same treatment with zinc sulphate together with humic acid (group ZN + HA), no significant changes of Zn levels in the investigated tissues were reported. Concentrations of the selected parameters of metabolism in chickens ranged within the reference limits; significant differences between experimental and control groups (cholesterol P < 0.05; lactate P < 0.05; calcium P < 0.01) were found sporadically.
Forty randomly selected chickens were allocated into four groups: K, HA, Cd and Cd + HA. After a 5-day adaptation period, the experiment was initiated. Group K was fed a diet without supplements. Group HA was fed the same diet with a 0.5 g supplement of humic acid per chicken/day. Group Cd was treated with 0.147 mg Cd per chicken/day (0.3 mg of CdCl 2 ·2.5H 2 O), and Group Cd + HA was given the same treatment as the latter group, with an additional 0.5 g humic acid per chicken/day. The chickens were given the above mentioned treatment daily, for 10 days. Subsequently, they were slaughtered and samples from livers, kidneys and leg muscle (m. flexor perforans et perforatus) were collected and Cd levels determined. The Cd levels detected in Group K are commonly found in market chickens and were assumed to be base background value; these represent 32%, 5.2% and 20% of allowed maximum residual limit (MRL) in kidney, liver and muscle, respectively. The limits are 1.0; 0.5 and 0.05 mg/kg for kidney, liver and muscle, respectively. The ten-day treatment with 0.147 mg Cd/day, i.e. 1.47 mg Cd per 10 days, significantly increased Cd levels in all investigated tissues. Average levels in kidneys, livers and leg muscle were 4.99 ± 1.57, 0.558 ± 0.630 and 0.052 ± 0.008 mg Cd/kg, respectively. When cadmium chloride was given together with humic acids, (group Cd + HA), Cd levels decreased in all investigated tissues by 39.6%, 34.2% and 80.8% in kidney, liver and muscle, respectively. The average levels were 3.012 ± 1.33, 0.361 ± 0.367 and < 0.01 mg/kg in kidneys, livers and leg muscle, respectively.
Totušek J., Tříska J., Lefnerová D., Strohalm J., Vrchotová N., Zendulka O., Průchová J., Chaloupková J., Novotná P., Houška M. (2011): Contents of sulforaphane and total isothiocyanates, antimutagenic activity, and inhibition of clastogenicity in pulp juices from cruciferous plants. Czech J. Food Sci., 29: 548-556.The consumption of Cruciferous vegetables is important for the prevention of cancerous diseases, particularly colorectal cancer. The effects of technological treatments (freezing, pasteurisation, high-pressure treatment) on the content of isothiocyanates, considered to be the active substance, were observed in single-species vegetable juices prepared from cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, white and red cabbage). The contents of sulforaphane and total isothiocyanates were studied relative to the temperature, action period, and time delay after juice pressing. Sulforaphane and total isothiocyanates were determined by HPLC. Sulforaphane content in various parts of fresh broccoli was also assessed. Antimutagenic activity of the juices (frozen, pasteurised, and high-pressure treated) was evaluated using the Ames test and the following mutagens: AFTB1 (aflatoxin B1), IQ (2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline), and MNU (2-nitroso-2-methylurea). Clastogenicity inhibition of the mutagens, in response to broccoli juice, as well as of pure sulforaphane, was observed using an in vivo experiment (the micronucleus test). It was shown that in terms of sulforaphane content, it is best to let broccoli juice stand for 60 min after pressing and pH adjustment. Sulforaphane content does not change under heating to 60°C. Its content decreases considerably (compared to fresh juice) with heating to higher temperatures than 60°C. High-pressure treatment preserves mutagenic inhibition to the same degree as juices freezing.
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