In our effort to seek for the "green" energetic coordination polymers (CPs), a versatile and multifunctional 1-amino-tetrazol-5-one ligand was synthesized and its complexes with a series of alkaline and earth alkaline metals were prepared and comprehensively characterized. A broad range of differently shaped 1D, 2D, and 3D supramolecular structures for the prepared energetic compounds were found, where each metal was bound in a specific and characteristic fashion. All prepared CPs show very good thermostability, with decomposition temperatures above 236 °C and remarkable insensitivity to mechanical impact and friction (impact sensitivity > 40 J, friction sensitivity > 360 N). In terms of detonation performance, our CPs were calculated to have detonation velocities in the range of 6.8−8.1 km•s −1 and detonation pressures in the range of 16.5−24.5 GPa. Upon their combustion, new materials show a range of characteristic flame colors (from yellow to blue), making these compounds as promising components for various "green" pyrotechnic formulations.
Density functional theory methods were used to study on 2 N10 compounds, 1,1′azobis(tetrazole) and 1,1′-azobis(5-methyltetrazole). We systematically investigated 10 novel substituted azobis(tetrazoles) with 10 catenated nitrogen atoms and various energetic groups (-CF 3 1, -C(NO 2 ) 3 3, -N 3 5, -NH 2 6, -NHNH 2 7, -NHNO 2 8, -NO 2 9, -OCH 3 10, -OH 11, -ONO 2 12). The optimized geometry, frontier molecular orbitals, electrostatic potential, Infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum were calculated for inspecting the molecular structure and stability as well as chemical reactivity. The effects of different substituents on the density, enthalpy of formation, heat of explosion, detonation velocity and pressure, and sensitivity of the azobis(tetrazole) derivatives have been investigated. Compound 9 with nitro was found to have remarkable detonation performances (D = 9.61 km/s, P = 42.14 GPa), which are close to the excellent explosive CL-20. Results show that compounds 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, and 12 have high potential to replace RDX. It is surprising that compounds 1, 3, 9, and 12 possess better energetic properties than HMX. These novel substituted azobis(tetrazoles) with unique N10 structure may be promising candidates of HEDMs with outstanding performance and acceptable sensitivities.
The fused nitrogen‐rich heterocycles, particularly planar structures, possess many advantages over conventional single‐ring energetic compounds. The planar π‐π stacked structures result in enhanced safety. Meanwhile, their conjugated systems give rise to good energetic properties. This review focused on the syntheses, properties, and potential applications of energetic materials based on the coplanar fused nitrogen‐rich heterocycles. Most of these compounds exhibit excellent detonation characteristics along with low mechanical sensitivity which makes them very promising candidates for highly energetic materials for civilian or military applications.
Density functional theory (DFT) methods were employed to design a new family of high-energy density energetic bis(trinitromethyl) azo tetrazoles and triazoles. The optimized geometry, electronic properties, IR spectrum, and thermodynamics were calculated for inspecting the molecular stability and chemical reactivity. Their energetic parameters, including density, heats of formation, detonation properties, and impact sensitivity, were extensively evaluated as well. These newly designed bis(trinitromethyl)-azo-azoles exhibit moderate impact sensitivities, high density (above 1.9 g cm −3 ), excellent heats of formation (up to 1076.08 kJ mol −1 ), and good detonation performance, which in some cases (D = 9.53 km s −1 , P = 41.37 GPa) overmatches the high-energy explosive HMX, making them promising candidates of new environmentally friendly high-energy-density compounds (HEDCs).
Searching for energetic materials that balance detonation performance with sensitivity is an enduring ambition in the evolution of high-energy density materials (HEDMs). The coplanar molecular structures of energetic compounds have a powerful impact on performance. Novel compounds of bis(nitrotriazoles) tetrazine (BNTT) were designed and investigated by density functional theory methods. The coplanar BNTT's oxides were a highlight in molecules with superior performance and acceptable sensitivities. Results showed that all these designed compounds possess high densities, positive heats of formation, remarkable detonation performance, and acceptable impact sensitivity. In particular, B1-3 possessed higher density (ρ = 1.97 g cm −3) and exhibited good balance between detonation performance (Q = 1779.83 cal g −1 , D = 9.48 km s −1 , P = 42.01 GPa) and sensitivity (h 50% = 28 cm) than trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The theoretical study demonstrated that all designed compounds possess acceptable sensitivity. They were seen as the potential candidates of HEDMs. K E Y W O R D S bis(nitrotriazoles) tetrazine, coplanar structure, detonation properties, molecular design 1 | INTRODUCTION In the process of designing and synthesizing high-energy density materials (HEDMs), it was found that compounds with a planar structure can reduce sensitivity. [1,2] The compounds had high density, good detonation performance, and low sensitivity [3] due to the planar structure. Polycyclic nitrogen-rich heterocycles [4] (such as tetrazole, [5] triazole, [6] tetrazin [7]) were often the subject of research and demonstrated good detonation performances. Safety was the most critical area of attention of energetic materials. Research [8-11] found that planar molecules improved detonation performance while ensuring sensitivity, which is equivalent to reducing sensitivity. Jie tang [12] believed that the coplanar structure that exhibits face-to-face stacking obviously improved in density, heat of formation, detonation performance, and sensitivity. β-3 showed the coplanar This article was published online on 13 July 2020. An error was subsequently identified in the funding information section.
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