Lipotoxicity plays a vital role in development and progression of type 2 diabetes. Prolonged elevation of free fatty acids especially the palmitate leads to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a polyphenol from the curry spice turmeric, is considered to be a broadly cytoprotective agent. The present study was designed to determine the protective effect of curcumin on palmitate-induced apoptosis in β-cells and investigate underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that curcumin improved cell viability and enhanced glucose-induced insulin secretory function in MIN6 pancreatic β-cells. Palmitate incubation evoked chromatin condensation, DNA nick end labeling and activation of caspase-3 and -9. Curcumin treatment inhibited palmitate-induced apoptosis, relieved mitochondrial depolarization and up-regulated Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Palmitate induced the generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibited activities of antioxidant enzymes, which could be neutralized by curcumin treatment. Moreover, curcumin could promote rapid phosphorylation of Akt and nuclear exclusion of FoxO1 in MIN6 cells under lipotoxic condition. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt specific inhibitors abolished the anti-lipotoxic effect of curcumin and stimulated FoxO1 nuclear translocation. These findings suggested that curcumin protected MIN6 pancreatic β-Cells against apoptosis through activation of Akt, inhibition of nuclear translocation of FoxO1 and mitochondrial survival pathway.

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in inflammation. TGF-β1 is a classical regulatory cytokine and an important inducer of renal tubular epithelial cell transdifferentiation. The nodes and interactions of RET are lower than those of Syk, as shown in Fig. 3a. We hypothesize that Syk plays a critical role in promoting the activity of FM.

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Context:As a bridge course between basic medicine and clinical medicine, pharmacology is a compulsory course for students majoring in clinical medicine. Aim: The purpose this teaching is to establish a holistic thinking mode, build student-centered curriculum system by optimizing the teaching design based on the network platform. Design: Construct receptor-based teaching mode. They are based on the network platform, helping students establishing the holistic thinking of medicine. The study included undergraduate clinical medicine class from 2017 to 2019, which was randomly divided into an experimental group with holistic thinking mode instruction and a control group with conventional instruction. The teaching effect was reflected by comparing the test scores of two groups. Methods: By using PBL, CBS or classroom discussion methods to connect all lectures with fundamental questions related to knowledge points, help student establish the logical thinking of the holistic view of "Pharmacology". Student test scores was expressed in the form of x -±SD). One-way ANOVA was used for the comparison between the two groups and SPSS 17.0 statistical software was used for statistical analysis. Results: The results shows that the phased, mid-term and final examination of the experimental class are significantly higher than those of the controls in 2017 (P < 0.05). With the increased using holistic thinking teaching mode among students, the final examination scores have improved steadily (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The receptorbased teaching mode, which are helpful to construct the overall pharmacological thinking and improve the teaching effect.