In situ Raman spectroscopy was applied for the analysis of the solution-mediated polymorphic transformation of prasugrel hydrochloride from the metastable form II to the stable form I. The solution concentration during the transition process was monitored by a gravimetric method. The main factors studied were solvent, temperature, solid loading, and agitation speed. Because of the balance between the solubility and the strength of solute−solvent interactions, the transformation rate was highest in ethyl acetate and lowest in butanone at all three temperatures studied (20, 30, and 40 °C). The thermodynamic driving force of the polymorphic transformation from form II to form I was evaluated through solubility measurements of the two forms in ethyl acetate, acetone, and butanone. At increasing temperature, the nucleation induction time and the overall transformation time decreased despite the decreasing driving force. The solid loading seemed to have no effect on the transformation time because of surface nucleation of form I on form II, as determined from the morphology−time profile through polarizing microscope analysis, whereas increasing the agitation rate resulted in a faster polymorphic transformation process. It was confirmed by transformation experiments that the polymorphic transformation from form II to form I is controlled by the nucleation and growth of the stable form I crystal.
microfluidic system with multiphase flow to intensify heterogeneous reactions, pre pare multiphase emulsions, and fabricate anisotropic functional materials.In a word, with its great advances in last several decades, multiphase flows in microfluidic system have shown numerous advantages, like fastening heat and mass transfer, reducing energy con sumption, improving productivity and purity, etc. Fortunately, because of the recent development and commercialization of micromachining technologies, microflu idic chips gradually moved from laboratory stage to practical application stage. There are also several comprehensive and accu rate Reviews that summarize the research on structural design, [9] system regulation, [10] and applications [11] of microfluidic technology. However, fewer articles focused on the latest technologies and achievements in the field of the multiphase flow control and its applications. In this Review, we aim to give a preliminary guidance for researchers with dif ferent backgrounds on the formation mechanisms, fabrication methods, and potential applications of multiphase microfluidics within different systems. We firstly presented the evolution of microfluidic device manufacture, followed by the mechanism and regulation methods of multiphase flow in microfluidic devices. Then the application of both single and double multi phase emulsions in industrial process optimization and new material preparation were described in details. By comparing the mechanism of manufacturing single droplets, microbub bles, liquid-liquid-liquid emulsions, and gas-liquid-liquid emulsions from various perspectives, researchers could obtain their first glance in the overall field of multiphase microfluidics and choose the system of manufacturing particles or materials with specific function that is most suitable for their application. At the end, we also introduced some lastly emerging tech nologies, such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and machine deep learning, combined with microfluidic tech nology, illustrating the huge potential for diverse applications of the latter. Development of Microfluidic DevicesThe recent progress in micromachining has broadened the selec tion of manufacturing technologies and materials for researchers and engineers to design complex and delicate microstructure that generates and manipulates multiphase flow. Generally, the most common fabrication methods of microfluidic devices can be Multiphase microfluidics enables an alternative approach with many possibilities in studying, analyzing, and manufacturing functional materials due to its numerous benefits over macroscale methods, such as its ultimate controllability, stability, heat and mass transfer capacity, etc. In addition to its immense potential in biomedical applications, multiphase microfluidics also offers new opportunities in various industrial practices including extraction, catalysis loading, and fabrication of ultralight materials. Herein, aiming to give preliminary guidance for researchers from different backgrounds, ...
By combining gravity and magnetic force, we have developed a versatile and facile microfluidic method for forming magnetic decentered core-shell microcapsules in which the directions of the oil core and the magnetic nanoparticles are either opposed or the same. When the temperature rises above the LCST of the PNIPAm, the shell shrinks rapidly and the core targets burst release towards the converse or the same direction as the magnet. By adjusting the direction of the magnet, the release direction of the active substance could be correspondingly accurately controlled.
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