Background
Discrimination is associated with depressive symptoms and other negative health effects, but little is known about the mental health risks of workplace gender discrimination. We aimed to investigate the association of workplace gender discrimination and depressive symptoms among employed women in South Korea.
Methods
The 6
th
wave (2016) survey datasets of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Family (KLoWF) were analyzed for 2,339 respondents who are identified as wage workers. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the short-form (10-item) Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale. Association of workplace gender discrimination and depressive symptoms was assessed using multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounding variables including age, income satisfaction, education level, marital status, and currently diagnosed disease. We then measured the age effect using age stratification multivariate logistic regression model.
Results
Women who experienced gender discrimination at workplace had higher odds of depressive symptoms regardless of the type of the discrimination including hiring, promotion, work assignments, paid wages, and firing. These associations were consistent in younger women below 40 years of age in regard to hiring, promotion, paid wages and firing, whereas inconsistent among older women above 40 years of age.
Limitations
We did not investigate the effect of workplace gender discrimination on depressive symptoms in a longitudinal manner.
Conclusions
Workplace gender discrimination was found to be significantly associated with depressive symptoms after adjustment for socio-demographic factors. Further, women under 40 years of age were especially vulnerable to workplace gender discrimination.
The QR-Code authentication system using mobile application is easily implemented in a mobile device with high recognition rate without short distance wireless communication support such as NFC. This system has been widely used for physical authentication system does not require a strong level of security. The system also can be implemented at a low cost. However, the system has a vulnerability of tampering or counterfeiting, because of the nature of the mobile application that should be installed on the user's smart device. In this paper we analyze the vulnerabilities about each type of architectures of the system and discuss the concerns about the implementation aspect to reduce these vulnerabilities.
A TrustZone-based rootkit detecting solution using a secure timer ensures the integrity of monitoring system, because ARM TrustZone technology provides isolated environments from a monitored OS against intercepting and modifying invoke commands.However, it is vulnerable to transient attack due to periodic monitoring. Also, Address Translation Redirection Attack (ATRA) cannot be detected, because the monitoring is operated by using the physical address of memory. To ameliorate this problem, we propose a snoop-based kernel introspection system. The proposed system can monitor a kernel memory in real-time by using a snooper, and detect memory-bound ATRA by introspecting kernel pages every context switch of processes. Experimental results show that the proposed system successfully protects the kernel memory without incurring any significant performance penalty in run-time.
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